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		<title>The Monk Who is Sold on Geometry: An Interview with Mahan Maharaj</title>
		<link>http://gonitsora.com/the-monk-who-is-sold-on-geometry-an-interview-with-mahan-maharaj/</link>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 11 May 2012 12:25:43 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Sujatha Ramdorai</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Articles]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Asis Pacific Mathematics Newsletter]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Interviews]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Asia Pacific Mathematics Newsletter]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Geometry]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Mahan Mj]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sujatha Ramdorai]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Topology]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[<p>&#160; Professor Mahan Mj is a young geometric topologist at Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University, who combines an esoteric career as a research mathematician and teacher with that of a monk. He belongs to the monastic order, Ramakrishna Mission, founded in 1897 by Swami Vivekanda, a renowned Hindu philosopher. He is currently a Professor in the [...]</p><p>Thank you for subscribing to our RSS feed. In case of any suggestions please fell free to email at manjil@gonitsora.com</p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong><a href="http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/mahan-mj.jpg"><img class="alignleft  wp-image-2206" title="mahan-mj" src="http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/mahan-mj.jpg" alt="Mahan Mj" width="300" height="199" /></a>Professor Mahan Mj</strong> is a young geometric topologist at Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University, who combines an esoteric career as a research mathematician and teacher with that of a monk. He belongs to the monastic order, Ramakrishna Mission, founded in 1897 by Swami Vivekanda, a renowned Hindu philosopher. He is currently a Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University, whose campus is located just outside Belur Math, the Headquarters of the Mission in Kolkata, India. Mahan Mj was recently awarded the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in the Mathematical Sciences, India’s topmost national award that recognises scientific contributions made by Indian scientists under the age of 45. Initially reluctant to be interviewed, saying that he believed in the “anonymity that a mathematician’s career affords’’, Mahan Mj graciously relented and spoke to <a title="An Interview with Prof. Sujatha Ramdorai" href="http://gonitsora.com/an-interview-with-prof-sujatha-ramdorai/" target="_blank">Sujatha Ramdorai</a>.</p>
<p><strong>Sujatha Ramdorai (SR)</strong>: Please tell us a little about your background and early education.</p>
<p><strong>Mahan Mj (MM):</strong> My early schooling was at St Xavier’s College, Kolkata and then I did an Integrated MSc (Maths) degree at IIT Kanpur.</p>
<p><strong>SR</strong>: When did it become clear to you that a career in Mathematics was what you preferred?</p>
<p><strong>MM</strong>: It’s the subject I liked most at school. Nevertheless, due presumably to social conditioning, I opted to join the BTech programme at IIT Kanpur in Electrical Engineering for the “security” it would provide. This was, however, with the intention of switching to Maths after the BTech. I expressed the intention of returning to Kolkata and joining ISI (Indian Statistical Institute) Kolkata BStat, a few months into the programme as I didn’t quite enjoy Engineering studies. But many people tried to convince me that this was not a good option and I was temporarily convinced. One of the principal reasons given was that there is a lot of Mathematics in Electrical Engineering. However, the flavour of Mathematics in Electrical Engineering, or any other Engineering discipline for that matter, is quite different from the flavour of Pure Maths. I realised this in my 3rd semester when the first Electrical Engineering course was offered. IITK has an option of a branch change, which one usually applies for at the end of the 2nd semester. This is possible, because the coursework across departments is essentially the same for the first two years. I was fortunately granted a branch change though I had applied a semester late. I suspect that since it was moving from a more sought after department to one that was less sought after in a Technical Institute, the authorities didn’t object much.</p>
<p><strong>SR</strong>: Can you tell us about some events/personalities that might have influenced your decision to opt for a mathematical career.</p>
<p><strong>MM</strong>: I think that the principal reason was that I found the flavour of Engineering as an academic pursuit unsatisfying. Also my batch at IIT Kanpur had a number of very good people in the Pure Sciences, particularly in Physics. Rajesh Gopakumar and T Senthil were two of my friends in Physics with whom I used to “hang out” a lot and I think this did exert some influence. Mathematical personalities came a bit later — after I had changed into maths. Hardy’s A Mathematician’s Apology has exerted considerable influence philosophically in the sense that it fostered a kind of platonic view of Maths. I think I still subscribe to the view that pure mathematical theorems/facts are about real objects and their interrelationship. This is of course a purely a rational (as opposed to irrational) belief. Also Constance Reid’s books on Hilbert and other biographies demonstrated the excitement and romance of Mathematics. All this made me feel that I had made the right decision and that I had entered a world where I belonged.</p>
<p><strong>SR</strong>: There are very few mathematicians outside of pure Research Institutes who have been awarded the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar prize, and you are one of them. Would you like to comment on this?</p>
<p><strong>MM</strong>: I think the factual content of your question is itself a comment on the state of higher education in the country, particularly in the Sciences. There is a sharp dichotomy between Teaching Institutions and Research Institutions that prevails in post-independence India. This fact was underlined by the Report of the National Knowledge Commission, of which you were a part. I completely agree with the findings of the NKC in this regard. However, just for the record, I should point out that Kingshook Biswas, a young colleague of mine in the Maths Department at Vivekananda University has been awarded the INSA Young Scientist medal in April 2011.</p>
<p><strong>SR</strong>: It is not so usual in India to opt for a career in teaching and research, given the presence and focus of pure Research Institutes. What made you choose a Teaching Institution rather than a pure Research Institution?</p>
<p><strong>MM</strong>: This is a follow-up of my answer to the previous question. I think a number of people, especially younger people, who have done their PhDs abroad, particularly Europe and America, have seen that the standard educational institutions there, viz. the best universities, are those that combine teaching and research. This has given rise to an increased awareness in India that for many, if not most, mathematicians, a combination of teaching and research works best. This awareness is demonstrated by many Research Institutions developing teaching programmes. For me personally, teaching is part of a social commitment. In our university, teaching is at the Masters’ level. This forces me to re-examine a lot of basic material while teaching. Thus teaching becomes a learning experience as well. I have found that it affects my research positively. In this, I am not alone, and many mathematicians I’ve come across have told me the same thing.</p>
<p><strong>SR</strong>: Would you like to talk about what attracted you to spirituality and the monastic way of life? When did this happen?</p>
<p><strong>MM</strong>:The second part of your question is easier to answer. I decided to become a monk while doing my PhD at Berkeley, very possibly in my 3rd or 4th year. I had started reading some of Vivekananda’s writings during my final year of MSc and this continued through my PhD. However, it’s very difficult, if not impossible, to sharply delineate what exactly it was that attracted me to this way of life. It certainly was not any kind of theology and I remember being quite strongly atheistic during my MSc. On the other hand, there are certain fundamental values — truth and unselfishness, in particular — which I shall elaborate on in answer to your next question that we as human beings, in general, and scientists, in particular, subscribe to. “Where do these come from?” is a question to which each must give his/her own answers. But trying to act on the basis of these, though not always easy, is inevitably a source of subjective satisfaction. This was, for me, an experimental fact. For me, strictly personally, the monastic way of life provides a lifestyle where it is easier to act on the basis of these values on a day-to-day basis.</p>
<p><strong>SR</strong>: Let me be very frank; the world is probably more curious about how you combine your life in a monastic order with that of a scientist/researcher. Mathematics is probably a discipline that easily affords a transition from one to the other... Would you agree? Is there anything on this aspect that you would like to share with us?</p>
<p><strong>MM</strong>: This will be an elaboration of some points I’ve already mentioned. Science and Mathematics as fields of human endeavour are, for me, based on two precepts: 1) It is worthwhile to enquire into the truth of things — abstract or sensory — to ascertain facts that are not dependent on opinion and free from bias. 2) No individual or group of individuals has special right to the benefits of the fruits of such an enquiry. Thus the fruits of scientific discovery should, at least in principle, be available to all. More generally, there is no fundamental difference between individuals. Roughly speaking, research as an activity is based on (1) and teaching on (2). Viewed this way, Science, because it aims at ridding us of dogma, and making its benefits available to all, is fundamentally a non-materialistic endeavour, provided we try to carry these things from our intellectual into our personal lives.</p>
<p><strong>SR</strong>: Tell us about the monastic order to which you belong.</p>
<p><strong>MM</strong>: The Ramakrishna Mission is a philanthropic, humanitarian and volunteer organisation founded by Ramakrishna’s chief disciple Swami Vivekananda. The Mission conducts extensive work in health care, disaster relief, rural management, tribal welfare, elementary and higher education and culture. It uses the combined efforts of several ordered monks and well-wishers. The Order is non-sectarian and has within its folds, monks from all major world religions: Islam, Christianity, Judaism, Buddhism, Jainism, Hinduism. Freedom to practice as per one’s religious convictions is a fundamental tenet we adhere to. If one were to summarise the activities of any member of the Order, it would have to be “Service and Contemplation” in a rather broad sense. In this rather general framework, “Teaching and Research” seem to fit rather well for  me.</p>
<p><strong>SR</strong>: Please tell us about your mathematical work; the area you work in, how did you get interested in this?</p>
<p><strong>MM</strong>: I had decided to work in Topology fairly early. Prof Shobha Madan at IIT Kanpur had taught us a couple of fantastic courses in our 3rd year which sparked off this interest. Then during a visit to TIFR in the summer of 1990 and again in 1991, as a visiting student during my MSc., I had a chance to interact with V Srinivas, Indranil Biswas and, of course, M S Raghunathan. They put me onto Guillemin–Pollack’s book on Differential Topology and during my second visit, I studied Milnor–Stasheff’s Characteristic Classes with Srinivas. In my final year, I got specifically interested in Low-Dimensional Topology. At Berkeley, there were a number of outstanding mathematicians working in and around the area: Andrew Casson (my advisor), John Stallings, Curt McMullen and, of course, Bill Thurston who was the Director of MSRI during exactly the 5 years I was in graduate school. Grisha Perelman was a postdoc then. Gromov’s seminal work on Hyperbolic Groups had recently appeared and I spent a very fruitful semester doing a reading course on it with John Stallings. Thus, the interface of Kleinian Groups, Geometric Group Theory and Geometric Topology became defined as my specific area of work</p>
<p><strong>SR</strong>: Your frank impressions that you would want to convey to youngsters seeking an academic career in Mathematics.</p>
<p><strong>MM</strong>: The usual: there are no shortcuts. One has to work hard and think hard and let the rest take care of itself.</p>
<p><strong>SR</strong>: What next in your mathematical pursuits?</p>
<p><strong>MM</strong>: I’ve broadened out somewhat recently, particularly, as there are very few people in my specific area in India. One problem that has been interesting me in recent times is an old question of Serre’s: What groups can appear as fundamental groups of smooth projective varieties? There are also a couple of fundamental advances in 3-manifolds over the last couple of years: 1) Work of Kahn–Markovic, proving the existence of incompressible immersed surfaces in hyperbolic 3-manifolds. 2) Work of Wise on the virtual fibering conjecture. Their solutions carry much promise for further development.</p>
<p>[Editor's Note: This interview originally appeared in the Asia Pacific Mathematics Newsletter, Volume 2, No. 1, published by World Scientific. This interview has been reproduced here verbatim with a special arrangement with World Scientific.]</p>
<p></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
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		<title>Pi quiz</title>
		<link>http://gonitsora.com/pi-quiz/</link>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 07 May 2012 17:20:22 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Manjil P. Saikia</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Articles]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Quiz]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Pi]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Pi day]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://gonitsora.com/?p=2160</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>&#160; 1. Mathematician Irving Kaplansky has given music to only one song in his entire professional career, which was written by Enid Rieser and became quite popular in the last decade. What was the song? 2. For what folly will the House Bill No. 246 of the Indiana State Assembly infamous in mathematical history? 3. [...]</p><p>Thank you for subscribing to our RSS feed. In case of any suggestions please fell free to email at manjil@gonitsora.com</p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>1. Mathematician Irving Kaplansky has given music to only one song in his entire professional career, which was written by Enid Rieser and became quite popular in the last decade. What was the song?</p>
<p>2. For what folly will the House Bill No. 246 of the Indiana State Assembly infamous in mathematical history?</p>
<p>3. The author was Dr. Edward Johnston Goodwin, it was introduced by a Mr. Taylor I. Record, a representative of Possey country on January 18,1897. What was it?</p>
<p>4. What is so unique about the short story, “Circle Digits-A self referential story” written by Michael Keith?</p>
<p>5. The Old Testament, 1 Kings 7:23 says: “Also, he made a molten sea of 10 cubits from brim to brim, round in compass, and 5 cubits the height thereof; and a line of 30 cubits did compass it round about.” What is the mathematical fallacy of this?</p>
<p>6. Who said: “The race of circle squares’, will never die out as long as ignorance and the thirst for glory remain united”?</p>
<p>7. What is so special about the museum ‘Palais de la decouverte’ in Paris, Av. Franklin Roosevelt?</p>
<p>8. Who is the poet: “As the geometer his mind applies/ To square the circle, nor for all his wit/Finds the right formula, how’er he tries……”?</p>
<p>9. What does Google do each day as a tribute to Pi?</p>
<p>10. What is the unique status enjoyed by Pi in the movie world, which no other universal mathematical constant enjoys?</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Ans</span>:-</p>
<p>1. “A song about Pi”.</p>
<p>2. It tried to fix a legal value of 3.2 for Pi.</p>
<p>3. House Bill No. 246 of the Indiana State Assembly, which tried to fix a legal value of Pi.</p>
<p>4. The first short story to be a Pi digits mnemonic.</p>
<p>5. It gave the value of Pi as 3.</p>
<p>6. The great philosopher Schubert.</p>
<p>7. Only museum in the world to have a Pi room.</p>
<p>8. Dante Alighieri (Paradise, Canto XXXIII).</p>
<p>9. A sea monster comes out in the iGoogle beach theme each day at 0314 hrs.</p>
<p>10. Only such constant to be made into a movie with its name (Pi-The Movie, 1997).</p>
<p>-Manjil P. Saikia.</p>
<p></p>
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		<title>এটা অতুলনীয় অনুপাত : φ (ফাই)</title>
		<link>http://gonitsora.com/%e0%a6%8f%e0%a6%9f%e0%a6%be-%e0%a6%85%e0%a6%a4%e0%a7%81%e0%a6%b2%e0%a6%a8%e0%a7%80%e0%a7%9f-%e0%a6%85%e0%a6%a8%e0%a7%81%e0%a6%aa%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%a4-%cf%86-%e0%a6%ab%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%87/</link>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 07 May 2012 16:16:03 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Prof. Khanindra Chandra Chowdhury</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Articles]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Book]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Fun Facts]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Golden Ratio]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[<p>&#160; সমাপ্ত দশমিক বা (অসমাপ্ত) পৌনঃপুনিক দশমিক হিচাপে প্ৰকাশ কৰিব নোৱাৰা সংখ্যাবোৰেই হ’ল অপৰিমেয় সংখ্যা। তেনেধৰণৰ অতি চিনাকি অপৰিমেয় সংখ্যা এটা হ’ল (পাই) যাৰ মোটামুটি মান ৩.১৪১৬...। এই প্ৰবন্ধটিত আমি অন্য এটা অপৰিমেয় সংখ্যাৰ কথা আলোচনা কৰিব খুজিছোঁ। ইয়াক গ্ৰীক আখৰ (ফাই)ৰে বুজোৱা হয়। বৃত্তৰ পৰিধি আৰু ব্যাসৰ অনুপাতেই হ’ল আমাৰ চিনাকি অপৰিমেয় সংখ্যা । [...]</p><p>Thank you for subscribing to our RSS feed. In case of any suggestions please fell free to email at manjil@gonitsora.com</p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>সমাপ্ত দশমিক বা (অসমাপ্ত) পৌনঃপুনিক দশমিক হিচাপে প্ৰকাশ কৰিব নোৱাৰা সংখ্যাবোৰেই হ’ল অপৰিমেয় সংখ্যা। তেনেধৰণৰ অতি চিনাকি অপৰিমেয় সংখ্যা এটা হ’ল <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_4f08e3dba63dc6d40b22952c7a9dac6d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\pi" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\pi</script> (পাই) যাৰ মোটামুটি মান ৩.১৪১৬...।</p>
<p>এই প্ৰবন্ধটিত আমি অন্য এটা অপৰিমেয় সংখ্যাৰ কথা আলোচনা কৰিব খুজিছোঁ। ইয়াক গ্ৰীক আখৰ <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2f51310acab41649af988ccebfe4186d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:1px;' class='tex' alt="\Phi" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Phi</script> (ফাই)ৰে বুজোৱা হয়। বৃত্তৰ পৰিধি আৰু ব্যাসৰ অনুপাতেই হ’ল আমাৰ চিনাকি অপৰিমেয় সংখ্যা <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_4f08e3dba63dc6d40b22952c7a9dac6d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\pi" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\pi</script> । তেনেদৰে এক বিশেষ ধৰণৰ অনুপাতৰ সাহয়ত আমি আলোচনা কৰিব খোজা <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2f51310acab41649af988ccebfe4186d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:1px;' class='tex' alt="\Phi" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Phi</script> সংখ্যাটো এনেদৰে বৰ্ণোৱা হয়: AB ৰেখাখণ্ডক O বিন্দুত এনেদৰে দুটুকুৰা কৰা হ’ল যে</p>
<p><a href="http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/golden-ratio-.jpg"><img class="alignnone  wp-image-2153" title="golden ratio-" src="http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/golden-ratio-.jpg" alt="" width="407" height="40" /></a></p>
<p>AB : AO = AO : OB . . .(1)</p>
<p>AO = x আৰু OB=1 ধৰিলে আমি পাওঁ</p>
<p><span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f3ff7efbb35ab157f9636b84bb49eccc.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="\frac{x+1}{x}=\frac{x}{1}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\frac{x+1}{x}=\frac{x}{1}</script> <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9f6a91b1170067f0e4dbc0b72028c498.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="x^{2}-x-1=0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x^{2}-x-1=0</script> . . . (2)</p>
<p>x যিহেতু ধনাত্মক সংখ্যাহে হ’ব লাগিব, ওপৰৰ দ্বিঘাট সমীকৰণটোৰ পৰা আমি পাম</p>
<p><span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_44759cd3e481152ac46cd777f7bad0d0.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="x=\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x=\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2}</script></p>
<p>x ৰ এই মানটোকেই <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2f51310acab41649af988ccebfe4186d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:1px;' class='tex' alt="\Phi" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Phi</script> ৰে বুজুৱা হয়। ইয়াত <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_8bd34ab7a288b97652ddaaf46a67c79d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="Phi=1.61803398" /></span><script type='math/tex'>Phi=1.61803398</script> ।</p>
<p>এটা মন কৰিবলগীয়া কথা হ’ল এই যে (2)ত <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9dd4e461268c8034f5c8564e155c67a6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x</script> -অৰ ঠাইত <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_afc48b56873694f3d43097841ecc3f4f.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="\frac{1}{x}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\frac{1}{x}</script> লিখিলে আমি পাম <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_add599ea297cdba7c4c57d9a1a3efed4.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="x^{2}+x+1=0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x^{2}+x+1=0</script> বা <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_17180e8b58b06f4f9be0ffa76dbb7272.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="x=\frac{-1+\sqrt{5}}{2}=.61803398\dots" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x=\frac{-1+\sqrt{5}}{2}=.61803398\dots</script> অৰ্থাৎ (1)অত AO=1 ধৰিলে OB ৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্য হ’ব .61803398… । (2)ৰ পৰা এইটোও স্পষ্ট হয় যে এই <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2f51310acab41649af988ccebfe4186d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:1px;' class='tex' alt="\Phi" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Phi</script> য়েই হ’ল একমাত্ৰ ধনাত্মক সংখ্যা যাৰ পৰা 1 বিয়োগ কৰিলে সংখ্যাটোৰ প্ৰতিক্ৰম (reciprocal) পোৱা যায়।</p>
<p>ওপৰত বৰ্ণোৱা ৰেখাখণ্ডৰ এই বিশেষ অনুপাতটোকেই <strong>সুৱৰ্ণ অনুপাত </strong>(Golden Ratio) বুলি অভিহিত কৰিছে। এই সংখ্যাটোৰ মন কৰিবলগীয়া সহজ বিশেষত্ব দুটা আছে:</p>
<p>(i) <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_86dd92dde2c85d82ec2cf1751b822d65.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="\Phi=1+\frac{1}{1+\frac{1}{1+\dots}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Phi=1+\frac{1}{1+\frac{1}{1+\dots}}</script></p>
<p>(ii)<span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b1890c15c3d079186a441665aee3d6f7.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="\Phi=\sqrt{1+\sqrt{1+\sqrt{1+\dots}}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Phi=\sqrt{1+\sqrt{1+\sqrt{1+\dots}}}</script></p>
<p>(i)অত <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_78a6770a821868f256a14cb44f0a60d6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="\Phi=1+\frac{1}{\Phi}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Phi=1+\frac{1}{\Phi}</script> , গতিকে <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9ffe83adb8880847fd77270278ec37de.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="\Phi^{2}-\Phi-1=0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Phi^{2}-\Phi-1=0</script></p>
<p>(ii)অত <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_4cf03c4e2963af46caac93a2ebce45a5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="\Phi=\sqrt{1+\Phi}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Phi=\sqrt{1+\Phi}</script> , গতিকে <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9ffe83adb8880847fd77270278ec37de.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="\Phi^{2}-\Phi-1=0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Phi^{2}-\Phi-1=0</script> ;</p>
<p>অৰ্থাৎ ওপৰৰ অবিৰত ভগ্নাংশ আৰু অবিৰত বৰ্গমূল- এই দুয়োটাই <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2f51310acab41649af988ccebfe4186d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:1px;' class='tex' alt="\Phi" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Phi</script> বুজায়।</p>
<p><span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_4f08e3dba63dc6d40b22952c7a9dac6d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\pi" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\pi</script> ৰ দৰে <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2f51310acab41649af988ccebfe4186d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:1px;' class='tex' alt="\Phi" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Phi</script> কো বৃত্ত এটাৰ লগত জড়িত কৰি চাব পাৰি। সেয়া হ’ল:</p>
<p>কোনো বৃত্তৰ ব্যাসাৰ্দ্ধ আৰু তাৰ পৰিগতকৈ অঁকা সুষম দশভূজ এটাৰ বাহুৰ অনুপাতটো <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2f51310acab41649af988ccebfe4186d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:1px;' class='tex' alt="\Phi" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Phi</script> ৰ সমান (ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলে ভাবি চাব পাৰে)।</p>
<p>এতিয়া <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2f51310acab41649af988ccebfe4186d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:1px;' class='tex' alt="\Phi" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Phi</script> জড়িত হৈ থকা কেইটামান ধুনীয়া সমতলীয় জ্যামিতিক চিত্ৰৰ উল্লেখ কৰিম। এই উদাহৰণকেইটা উল্লেখ কৰোতে প্ৰয়োজন হোৱা দুটা বিশেষ সংজ্ঞা আমি প্ৰথমে দি লওঁহক:</p>
<p>(1) কোনো আয়তক্ষেত্ৰৰ দীঘল বাহু আৰু চুটি বাহুৰ অনুপাত <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2f51310acab41649af988ccebfe4186d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:1px;' class='tex' alt="\Phi" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Phi</script> সংখ্যাটোৰ সমান হ’লে (অৰ্থাৎ বাহু দুটা যদি সুৱৰ্ণ অনুপাতত থাকে) ইয়াক এটা সুৱৰ্ণায়ত বা স্বৰ্ণায়ত (Golden Rectangle) বুলি ক’ম।</p>
<p>(2) কোনো সমদ্বিবাহু ত্ৰিভূজৰ সমান বাহু দুটাৰ প্ৰতিটো আৰু ভূমিৰ (তৃতীয় বাহু) আনুপাত যদি <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2f51310acab41649af988ccebfe4186d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:1px;' class='tex' alt="\Phi" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Phi</script> ৰ সমান হয় তেনেহ’লে ত্ৰিভূজটোক সুৱৰ্ণ ত্ৰিভূজ বুলি ক’ম।</p>
<p>এতিয়া আমি উল্লেখ কৰিব খোজো প্ৰথমটো জ্যামিতিক চিত্ৰ:</p>
<p><a href="http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/golden-ratio6.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-2154" title="golden ratio6" src="http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/golden-ratio6-300x207.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="207" /></a></p>
<p>ABCD এটা সুৱৰ্ণায়ত। ইয়াৰ এমূৰৰ পৰা ABML বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰটো কাটি লোৱা হ’ল। ৰৈ গ’ল LMCD আয়তটো। ই এটা সুৱৰ্ণায়ত, কাৰণ <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_169b15cbf89a87435a73765bcf67ff25.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="AD=\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>AD=\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2}</script> আৰু <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_5985309ccee9b7f6ce883983d55aad5e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="AB=1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>AB=1</script> হ’লে <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_139d22eccca79204f60fe11c3e336163.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="LD=\frac{-1+\sqrt{5}}{2}=\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>LD=\frac{-1+\sqrt{5}}{2}=\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}</script> আৰু  তেতিয়া <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_a82adfd035e9c79dd2239c1b83b32ef9.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="LM:LD=\frac{\sqrt{5}+1}{2}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>LM:LD=\frac{\sqrt{5}+1}{2}</script> । LMCD ৰ পৰা LSTD বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰটো কাটি ল’লে ৰৈ যোৱা আয়ত SMCT এটা সুৱৰ্ণায়ত। কিয়নো ইাত <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e3a46c0863efbe32e0c978d3b14120ac.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="ST=\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>ST=\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}</script> , <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3b4d7deef270264739ac2fa78cdb6455.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="SM=1-\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}=\frac{\sqrt{5}-1}{1+\sqrt{5}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>SM=1-\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}=\frac{\sqrt{5}-1}{1+\sqrt{5}}</script> । গতিকে <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2c2c6ade879f425c801a1266fb9f3612.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="ST:SM=\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}=\frac{\sqrt{5}+1}{2}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>ST:SM=\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}=\frac{\sqrt{5}+1}{2}</script> । এনেদৰে ক্ৰমান্বয়ে সৰু হৈ যওৱা অসীম সংখ্যক সুৱৰ্ণায়ত পাই থাকিব। সুৱৰ্ণায়তবোৰৰ দীঘল বাহুবোৰক সুৱৰ্ণ অনুপাতত ভাগ কৰি পোৱা L, T, N, R, U, V, … ইত্যাদি বিন্দুবোৰ অসীম অন্তৰ্মুখী ঘাতাংকীয় কুণ্ডলী (spiral) এটাৰ ওপৰত থাকে। কুণ্ডলীৰ মেৰুটো থাকে AC আৰু DM কৰ্ণ দুডালৰ ছেদবিন্দুত।</p>
<p>দ্বিতীয় জ্যামিতিক চিত্ৰ:</p>
<p><a href="http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/golden-ratio81.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-2152" title="golden ratio8" src="http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/golden-ratio81-216x300.jpg" alt="" width="216" height="300" /></a></p>
<p>ABCD এটা সুৱৰ্ণ ত্ৰিভূজ। ইয়াৰ <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_bf2dfaf99c05217b63591dc612e8972b.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="AB(=AC):BC=\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2}:1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>AB(=AC):BC=\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2}:1</script> আৰু</p>
<p><span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_46f1f61ada85c2c95736b20cf5d27208.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="\angle ABC= \angle ACD=72^{\circ}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\angle ABC= \angle ACD=72^{\circ}</script> , <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_32f612fc82c68fd3f9a5dc73c383f003.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="\angle BAC=36^{\circ}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\angle BAC=36^{\circ}</script> (কেনেকৈ হ’ল ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলে অলপ মন কৰিলেই উলিয়াব পাৰিব)। যিহেতু ত্ৰিভূজৰ শীৰ্ষকোণৰ সমদ্বিখণ্ডকে বিপৰীত বাহুক বাকী দুটা বাহুৰ অনুপাতত ভাগ কৰে, CD য়ে AB ক D বিন্দুত সুৱৰ্ণ অনুপাতত ভাগ কৰিব। আৰু তেতিয়া ABC সদৃশ সুৱৰ্ণ ত্ৰিভূজ হ’ব। এতিয়া $\angle B$ কোণৰ সমদ্বিখণ্ডকে CD বাহুক E বিন্দুত সুৱৰ্ণ অনুপাতত ভাগ কৰিব আৰু DBE এটা সদৃশ সুৱৰ্ণ ত্ৰিভূজ পোৱা যাব। একেদৰে DBE ৰ পৰা আৰু এটা ইয়াৰ সদৃশ সুৱৰ্ণ ত্ৰিভূজ পোৱা যাব, ইত্যাদি। এই ত্ৰিভূজবোৰৰ A, C, B, E, F, G, H, … ইত্যাদি শীৰ্ষ বিন্দুবোৰ ওপৰত কৈ অহা ঘাতাংকীয় কুণ্ডলীৰ ওপৰত থাকিব আৰু ইয়াৰ মেৰু থাকিব BM আৰু DL মাধ্যিকী দুডালৰ ছেদবিন্দুত।</p>
<p><span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2f51310acab41649af988ccebfe4186d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:1px;' class='tex' alt="\Phi" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Phi</script> সম্পৰ্কীয় তৃতীয়টো জ্যামিতিক চিত্ৰৰ সন্দৰ্ভত আমি প্ৰথমতে তলৰ অনুক্ৰমটো মন কৰোহঁক:</p>
<p>১, ২, ৩, ৫, ৮, ১৩, ... এই সংখ্যাবোৰ এনেদৰে সজোৱা হৈছে যে কোনো এটা সংখ্যা ইয়াৰ আগৰ দুটাৰ যোগফল। সংখ্যাৰ এই অনুক্ৰমটোক ‘ফিবোনাচি’ শ্ৰেণী (Fibonacci series) বোলে। লেঅ’নাৰ্ড ফিবেনাচি (সম্ভৱতঃ 1170 AD- 1230 AD) নামৰ ইটালীৰ পিছা নগৰীৰ গণিতজ্ঞ এজনে প্ৰথমে এই অনুক্ৰমটো উলিয়াই। এই অনুক্ৰমটোৰ দুটা ক্ৰমিক পদৰ অনুপাতৰ অনুক্ৰমটো <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2f51310acab41649af988ccebfe4186d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:1px;' class='tex' alt="\Phi" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Phi</script> সংখ্যাটোলৈ অভিসৰণ কৰে। কিয়নো, উল্লিখিত ফিবোনাচি শ্ৰেণীৰ nতম পদটো <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_aa318bdb2a27d84eca5689f9e78acaaf.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="t_{n}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>t_{n}</script> হ’লে, <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_eff925391e8991e62f53b2bed9fc048e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="t_{n-1}+t_{n-2}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>t_{n-1}+t_{n-2}</script> । তেতিয়া ওপৰত বৰ্ণোৱা দুটা ক্ৰমিক পদৰ অনুপাতৰ অনুক্ৰমটোৰ nতম পদটো <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_951fdcc56e1963deada0ea6673b9da82.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="T_{n}=\frac{t_{n}}{t_{n-1}}=\frac{t_{n-1}+t_{n-2}}{t_{n-1}}=1+\frac{t_{n-2}}{t_{n-1}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>T_{n}=\frac{t_{n}}{t_{n-1}}=\frac{t_{n-1}+t_{n-2}}{t_{n-1}}=1+\frac{t_{n-2}}{t_{n-1}}</script> বা <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_4a639567f0eb2185c97f919bc31da67e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="T_{n}=1+\frac{1}{\frac{t_{n-1}}{t_{n-2}}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>T_{n}=1+\frac{1}{\frac{t_{n-1}}{t_{n-2}}}</script> । গতিকে n-অৰ মান ডাঙৰ কৰি গৈ থাকিলে <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_0b9f2991087ddb13a722a3319a0bbe2e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="T_{n}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>T_{n}</script> অৰ মান <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_efde46e7c3e6db05497fbef845e09500.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="1+\frac{1}{1+\frac{1}{1+\dots}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>1+\frac{1}{1+\frac{1}{1+\dots}}</script> অৰ্থাৎ <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2f51310acab41649af988ccebfe4186d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:1px;' class='tex' alt="\Phi" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Phi</script> লৈ বুলি আগবাঢ়িব (অৰ্থাৎ যদি <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_4f4a010b8b5c78a1170f6e4c5a04285e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:1px;' class='tex' alt="n\rightarrow\infty" /></span><script type='math/tex'>n\rightarrow\infty</script> তেন্তে <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_418dfcf262106333a0337f0fcaa36c3d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="T_{n}\rightarrow\Phi" /></span><script type='math/tex'>T_{n}\rightarrow\Phi</script> )।</p>
<p>তলৰ জ্যামিতিক ব্যাখ্যাই ওপৰৰ অভিসৰণটো প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰে:</p>
<p>A আৰু B যি কোনো বাহুৰ দুটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ চিত্ৰত দেখুওৱাৰ দৰে লোৱা হৈছে। C বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ বাহু A আৰু Bৰ বাহুৰ যোগফল, Dৰ বাহু B আৰু Cৰ যোগফল, Eৰ বাহু C আৰু Dৰ বাহুৰ যোগফল ইত্যাদি। এনেদৰে লোৱা হ’লে A আৰু B যেনে ধৰণৰ বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰয়েই লোৱা নহওক কিয়-</p>
<p>A, A+B, A+B+C, A+B+C+D, A+B+C+D+E+…. ইত্যাদি আয়তবোৰ ক্ৰমে সুৱৰ্ণ আয়তলৈ বুলি আগবাঢ়ে।</p>
<p><a href="http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/golden-ratio.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-2155" title="golden ratio" src="http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/golden-ratio-300x213.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="213" /></a></p>
<p>পুৰণি গ্ৰীচ দেশত সুৱৰ্ণ অনুপাতটো এটা চিনাকি অনুপাতেই আছিল। আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ গণিতজ্ঞ মাৰ্ক বাৰে (Mark Barr) প্ৰায় ৭৫ বছৰ আগতে এই অনুপাতটোক ফাই (Phi) নামেৰ নামাকৰণ কৰে। মহান ফিডিয়াছৰ (Phidias) নামটো গ্ৰীক ভাষাত লিখিলে <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2f51310acab41649af988ccebfe4186d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:1px;' class='tex' alt="\Phi" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Phi</script> আখৰে আৰম্ভ হয়। “ফিডিয়াছ্ (৪৯০-৪৩০ খ্ৰী,পূ.) এথেনীয় স্থপতিবিদ, প্ৰখ্যাত স্থপতিবিদসকলৰ মাজৰ এজন। তেওঁ পাৰ্থেননৰ সজ্জা আৰু সম্ভৱতঃ নক্সাৰ নিৰ্দেশনা দিছিল। ফিডিয়াছৰ সম্পৰ্কত কিম্বদন্তী আছে যে, অকলে তেওঁহে দেৱতাৰ সঠিক প্ৰতিবিম্ব দেখা পাইছিল আৰু ইয়াকেই তেওঁ মানুহৰ আগলৈ উলিয়াই দিছিল।” (এনচাইক্ল’পিডিয়া-ব্ৰিটানিকা)এই ফিডিয়াচে তেওঁৰ ভাস্কৰ্যত প্ৰয়েই সুৱৰ্ণ অনুপাত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল।</p>
<p>বহুতো মধ্যযুগীয় আৰু নবন্যাসৰ সময়ৰ গণিতজ্ঞ (যেনে, কেপলাৰ আদি) ‘ফাই’ৰ প্ৰতি মোহান্ধ হৈ যেনিবা বিবুধিত পৰিছিল। H.S.M. Coxeter এ “The Golden Section and Phyllotaxis” (in Introduction to Geometry, Chapter II, John Wileyand Sons Ltd., 1961) ত কেপলাৰৰ উদ্ধিতি দিছে এনেদৰে- “জ্যামিতিৰ দুটা মহান ৰত্ন আছে। এটা হ’ল- পাইথাগোৰাচৰ উপপাদ্য আৰু আনটো হ’ল এটা সৰলৰেখাক প্ৰান্ত (extreme) আৰু মধ্যম (mean) অনুপাতত বিভক্তকৰণ। প্ৰথমটোক আমি যদি সোণৰ মূল্যৰ বুলি কওঁ, তেনেহ’লে বাকীটোক আমি কওঁ এটা মূল্যৱান বাখৰ বুলি।”</p>
<p>নবন্যাসৰ সময়ৰ লিখকসকলে এই অনুপাতটোক ‘স্বৰ্গীয় আনুপাত’ বা ‘দৈৱিক অনুপাত’ (Divine Proposition) বুলিছিল। ঊনৈশ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে ই ‘গোল্ডেন চেকচন’ (Golden Section) নাম পায়। লিঅ’নাৰ্ড-ডা-ভিন্সিৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যাখ্যাকৃত Lucas Pacioli ৰ ‘De Divina Proportione’ নামৰ কিতাপখন <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2f51310acab41649af988ccebfe4186d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:1px;' class='tex' alt="\Phi" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Phi</script>ৰ সমতলীয় আৰু ত্ৰিমাত্ৰিক জ্যামিতিৰ চিত্ৰৰ এখন সংক্ষিপ্তসাৰ।</p>
<p>“বিজ্ঞানীসকলে প্ৰকৃতিত (ফিব’নাচি শ্ৰেণীত) সংখ্যা আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিবলৈ ধৰিলে, যেনে- সূৰ্যমুখী ফুলৰ মূৰৰ সৰ্পিলৰ মাজত, সৰল গছৰ শংকুত (pine-cone), মতা মৌৰ সাধাৰণ ‘ৰেঘুলাৰ ডিছেণ্ট’ (জিনিঅ’লজি) শামুকৰ খোলাৰ স’তে জড়িত হৈ থকা সদৃশকোণী সৰ্পিলত, গছৰ কাণ্ডৰ পাতৰ কলিৰ সজ্জাত, জন্তুৰ শিঙত ইত্যাদি।” (এনচাইক্ল’পিডিয়া-ব্ৰিটানিকা)</p>
<p>ফিবনাচি সংখ্যা আৰু তৎসম্পৰ্কীয় ধৰণাৰ আদান-প্ৰদান তথা গৱেষণা ইত্যাদিক আগত ৰাখি ১৯৬২ চনত ‘ফিবনাচি এচোছিয়েছন’ নামৰ এটা সংগঠন খোলা হয়। ১৮৮৪ চনতে প্ৰকাশিত Adolf Zeising ৰ ‘Der golden schmitt’ নামৰ জাৰ্মান ভাষাত লিখা এখন কিতাপত Zeising এ কয় যে সকলো ধৰণৰ অনুপাতৰ ভিতৰত এই সুৱৰ্ণ অনুপাতেই আটাইতকৈ ভাল লগা বিধৰ আৰু মানৱ শৰীৰ বিদ্যাকে ধৰি সকলো ধৰণৰ আকৃতিবিজ্ঞান কলা, স্থাপত্য আনকি সংগীতৰো জ্ঞানৰ যেনিবা ই চাবি-কাঠি।</p>
<p>পাঠকে এটা কথা জানি থোৱা ভাল যে আমি আলোচনা কৰা সুৱৰ্ণ অনুপাতটো বহুতে গ্ৰীক আখৰ <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_a6f317b268ae825d94f832f970af607c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\tau" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\tau</script> (tau) ৰে বুজায়। <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_5a82bece4586ad7cb17ba739a2db7f67.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:1px;' class='tex' alt="Phi" /></span><script type='math/tex'>Phi</script> সম্পৰ্কীয় খবৰা-খবৰৰ ভিতৰত দুটামান নতুন সংযোজন আছে। সেয়া হ’ল এই যে-</p>
<p>প্ৰথম চিত্ৰৰ কৰ্ণ দুডাল আৰু দ্বিতীয় চিত্ৰৰ মাধ্যিকী দুডাল সুৱৰ্ণ অনুপাতত থাকে (ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীয়ে এয়া ভাবি চাব পাৰে)। মাৰ্ক বাৰ্ নামৰ যিজন গিতজ্ঞই প্ৰায় ৭৫ বছৰ আগেয়ে সুৱৰ্ণ অনুপাতটো বুজাবলৈ <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_5a82bece4586ad7cb17ba739a2db7f67.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:1px;' class='tex' alt="Phi" /></span><script type='math/tex'>Phi</script> আখৰটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল, তেওঁৰ পুতেক ষ্টিফেন বাৰে ১৯১৩ চনত <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_5a82bece4586ad7cb17ba739a2db7f67.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:1px;' class='tex' alt="Phi" /></span><script type='math/tex'>Phi</script> ৰ ধৰণা কিদৰে প্ৰসাৰিত কৰে সেই বিষয়ে তলত ব্যাখ্যা কৰা হৈছে।</p>
<p>ফিবনাচি শ্ৰেণীটো ১, ১, ২, ৩, ৫, ৮, ... লোৱা হয় যদিও, ১, ১ ৰ ঠাইত যিকোনো দুটা সংখ্যা লৈ আগবাঢ়িলেও ইয়াৰ সহায়ত পোৱা অনুপাতৰ অনুক্ৰমটো <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_5a82bece4586ad7cb17ba739a2db7f67.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:1px;' class='tex' alt="Phi" /></span><script type='math/tex'>Phi</script> লৈ অভিসৰণ কৰে। এতিয়া দেখা গৈছে যে দুটাৰ ঠাইত যিকোনো তিনিটা সংখ্যা লৈ চতুৰ্থটো যদি প্ৰথম তিনিটাৰ যোগফল, পঞ্চমটো ইয়াৰ আগৰ তিনিটাৰ যোগফল, এনেদৰে আগবঢ়া যায় তেনেহ’লে ইয়াৰ সহায়ত পোৱা অনুপাতৰ অনুক্ৰমটো ১.৮৩৯৫+ লৈ অভসৰণ কৰে। যদি nটা সংখ্যাৰে অনুক্ৰমটো আৰম্ভ কৰা হয় তেনেহ’লে অনুৰূপ অনুক্ৰমটো xঅলৈ অভিসৰণ কৰিলে <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_016a3bb3a28c0611e396cd588c8b19a3.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="n=\frac{log(2-x^{-1})}{log x}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>n=\frac{log(2-x^{-1})}{log x}</script> হ’ব। অন্য এটা মন কৰিবলগীয়া কথা হ’ল যে n যিমানে ডাঙৰ হৈ গৈ থাকিব x ক্ৰমে ২ লৈ বুলি আগবাঢ়িব। (অৰ্থাৎ যদি <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_4f4a010b8b5c78a1170f6e4c5a04285e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:1px;' class='tex' alt="n\rightarrow\infty" /></span><script type='math/tex'>n\rightarrow\infty</script> তেন্তে <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_55cd69c3eb7d1fe19baee946bd0cac90.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:1px;' class='tex' alt="x\rightarrow 2" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x\rightarrow 2</script> )। ওপৰৰ সাধাৰণ সূত্ৰ <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9eb8d4e43a0585dfd3dfe044a3844467.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt=" n=\frac{log(2-x^{-1})}{log x}" /></span><script type='math/tex'> n=\frac{log(2-x^{-1})}{log x}</script> ত  n=2 বহুৱালে আমি পাওঁ-</p>
<p><span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9492eee9f5791a539394367679681358.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="2log =log(2-x)^{-1}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>2log =log(2-x)^{-1}</script></p>
<p><span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_5e0022e96a98b935ddff1e4c5e52cc56.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="x^{2}=\frac{1}{2-x}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x^{2}=\frac{1}{2-x}</script></p>
<p><span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_5706e2bc5be0e2a9d763d944e9ebea20.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="(x-1)(x^{2}-x-1)=0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>(x-1)(x^{2}-x-1)=0</script></p>
<p>যিহেতু <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_a255512f9d61a6777bd5a304235bd26d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:1px;' class='tex' alt="x=1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x=1</script> হ’ব নোৱাৰে, <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d585e58a3540aa1dc71059223efdee3a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt=" x^{2}-x-1=0" /></span><script type='math/tex'> x^{2}-x-1=0</script> হ’ব আৰু সেয়ে <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d925e2b19fbfd7aae35c4c0be18a2f82.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:1px;' class='tex' alt="x=\Phi" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x=\Phi</script> । গতিকে <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_c303081f7a16f603112b0375bdc84883.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:1px;' class='tex' alt="n=2" /></span><script type='math/tex'>n=2</script> ৰ বাবে সূত্ৰটো সত্য।</p>
<p>শেষত <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2f51310acab41649af988ccebfe4186d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:1px;' class='tex' alt="\Phi" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Phi</script> সম্পৰ্কীয় কেইখনমান কিতাপ পাঠকৰ জ্ঞাতাৰ্থে জনাই প্ৰবন্ধটিৰ মোখনি মাৰাৰ আগেয়ে এই সুৱৰ্ণ অনুপাতকে লৈ হোৱা আলোচনা-বিলোচনা অলপ উল্লেখ কৰিব খুজিছো। Matila Ghyka নামৰ এজনে লিখা ‘The Geometry of Art and Life’ নামৰ কিতাপ এখনত উল্লেখ আছে যে বহু সংখ্যক মতা মানহ আৰু মাইকী মানুহৰ শৰীৰৰ জোখ ল’লে অনুপাতবোৰৰ গড় হয় ১.৬৮১। মি. জেইচিংৰ নাভি উচ্চতা (Naval height) সম্পৰ্কীয় তত্ত্বই আধুনিক যুগতো যথেষ্ট প্ৰাধান্য পাইছে। Mr. Lonc নামৰ এজনে Zeisingৰ তত্ত্বটো সত্যাপন কৰি সাব্যস্ত কৰে। তেওঁ ৬৫ গৰাকী মহিলাৰ উচ্চতা লৈ তেওঁলোকৰ নাভি উচ্চতাৰ অনুপাত লয় আৰু গড় অনুপাত ১.৬১৮+ পায়। ইয়াক তেওঁ লংক আপেক্ষিক ধ্ৰুৱক (Lon Relativity Constant) নাম দিয়ে। তেওঁৰ মতে যি জনাৰ অনুপাত এই বিশেষ সংখ্যাটোৰ ভিতৰত নপৰে তেওঁ হয়তো কোনো ধৰণৰ শাৰীৰিক দুৰ্ঘটনাত আঘাটপ্ৰাপ্ত হৈছিল। আনহাতে কেনিথ্ ৱাল্টাৰ নামৰ তেওঁৰ বন্ধু কেইজনমানৰ সহযোগত এটা অধ্যয়ন চলালে। তাত তেওঁলোকৰ স্ত্ৰীসকলৰ নাভি উচ্চতা জুখি গড় অনুপাতটো পালে ১.৬৬৭ যিটো ওপৰত উল্লেখ কৰা মি. লংকৰৰ অনুপাততকৈ অলপ বেছি (High)। ৱাল্টাৰ নিজৰ পৰীক্ষাত ইমানেই আস্থাবান যে মি. লেকৰ ফলাফলৰ লগত এই সন্দৰ্ভত তেখেতৰ অমিলৰ কাৰণ দৰ্শাই যিষাৰ কথা কৈছে তাক উল্লেখ কৰাৰ লোভ সামৰিব নোৱাৰিলো: “অনুগ্ৰহ কৰি মন কৰক যে, এই ‘হাই-ফাই’ (high-phi) ‘ঘৈণীসমূহ’ক জোখা হৈছিল তেওঁলোকৰ নিজা-নিজা সন্মানীয় স্বামীসকলৰ দ্বাৰা। সেয়েহে, এই উপদেশ দিব পাৰি যে, মিঃ লংকু-এ যেন ‘নেভেল আৰ্কিটেক-চাৰ’ এৰি বেলেগ অধ্যয়নত লাগে।”</p>
<p>মি. লংক-এ পিছে <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2f51310acab41649af988ccebfe4186d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:1px;' class='tex' alt="\Phi" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Phi</script> ৰ মান শুদ্ধকৈ নিৰূপণ কৰিছিল। সাধাৰণতে বিশ্বাস কৰি লোৱা  <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_4f08e3dba63dc6d40b22952c7a9dac6d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\pi" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\pi</script> ৰ মান ৩.১৪১৫৯... লংকে মানি লোৱা নাছিল। <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2f51310acab41649af988ccebfe4186d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:1px;' class='tex' alt="\Phi" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Phi</script> ৰ বৰ্গক ৬ ৰে পূৰণ আৰু পিছত ৫ ৰে হৰণ কৰি <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_4f08e3dba63dc6d40b22952c7a9dac6d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\pi" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\pi</script> ৰ মান আৰু বেছি শুদ্ধকৈ নিৰূপন কৰি ৩.১৪১৬৪০৭৮৬৪৪৬২০৫৫০ পাইছিল। অৱশ্যে বৰ্তমান বিজ্ঞানৰ চৰমতম অগ্ৰগতিৰ যুগত <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_4f08e3dba63dc6d40b22952c7a9dac6d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\pi" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\pi</script> ৰ মান বহু শুদ্ধকৈ কেইবা হাজাৰো দশমিক স্থানলৈ উলিয়াব পৰা হৈছে। ফিবোনাচি সংখ্যাৰ ওপৰত আমাৰ ভাৰতবৰ্ষতো যথেষ্ট চিন্ত-চৰ্চা হৈ থকা খবৰটো এইখিনিতে পাঠকক দি প্ৰবন্ধটি সামৰা হ’ল।</p>
<p><strong>[ড° খনীন চৌধুৰীৰ  "<a href="http://gonitsora.com/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%9F/" target="_blank">গণিত : এটি বিৰক্তিকৰ বিষয়</a>" নামৰ গ্ৰন্থখনৰ এটি প্ৰবন্ধ।]</strong></p>
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		<title>গাণিতিক জীৱবিজ্ঞান বা জৈৱ-গণিত (Mathematical Biology or Bio-mathematics)</title>
		<link>http://gonitsora.com/%e0%a6%97%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%a3%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%a4%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%95-%e0%a6%9c%e0%a7%80%e0%a7%b1%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%9c%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%9e%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%a8-%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%be-%e0%a6%9c%e0%a7%88/</link>
		<comments>http://gonitsora.com/%e0%a6%97%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%a3%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%a4%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%95-%e0%a6%9c%e0%a7%80%e0%a7%b1%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%9c%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%9e%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%a8-%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%be-%e0%a6%9c%e0%a7%88/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 04 May 2012 07:22:14 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Dr. Prabodh Borah</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Articles]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sci-Tech]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Bio-mathematics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Mathematical Biology]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[<p>&#160; আমাৰ দেশত সৰহভাগ অভিভাৱক আৰু ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীৰ মাজতে এটা ধাৰণা প্ৰচলিত আছে যে জীৱবিজ্ঞান অধ্যয়নৰ বাবে গণিতৰ জ্ঞান অপৰিহাৰ্য্য নহয় &#124; গতিকে গণিত বিষয়ত ভাল ফল দেখুৱাব নোৱাৰা ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীক সাধাৰণতে জীৱবিজ্ঞানৰ যিকোনো শাখাত অধ্যয়ন আৰু উচ্চ শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়া হয় &#124; কিন্তু এই ধাৰণাৰ বিপৰীতে আজি আমি জীৱবিজ্ঞানৰ যিটো শাখাৰ বিষয়ে আলোচনা কৰিবলৈ লৈছো, [...]</p><p>Thank you for subscribing to our RSS feed. In case of any suggestions please fell free to email at manjil@gonitsora.com</p>]]></description>
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<p>আমাৰ দেশত সৰহভাগ অভিভাৱক আৰু ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীৰ মাজতে এটা ধাৰণা প্ৰচলিত আছে যে জীৱবিজ্ঞান অধ্যয়নৰ বাবে গণিতৰ জ্ঞান অপৰিহাৰ্য্য নহয় | গতিকে গণিত বিষয়ত ভাল ফল দেখুৱাব নোৱাৰা ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীক সাধাৰণতে জীৱবিজ্ঞানৰ যিকোনো শাখাত অধ্যয়ন আৰু উচ্চ শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়া হয় | কিন্তু এই ধাৰণাৰ বিপৰীতে আজি আমি জীৱবিজ্ঞানৰ যিটো শাখাৰ বিষয়ে আলোচনা কৰিবলৈ লৈছো, তাৰ অধ্যয়নৰ বাবে গণিতৰ জ্ঞান কেৱল অপৰিহাৰ্য্যই নহয়, বৰঞ্চ গণিত বিষয়ত বিশেষ পাৰদৰ্শিতা থকা ব্যক্তিয়েহে এই বিষয়ৰ অধ্যয়নত সফলতা লাভ কৰিব পাৰে |</p>
<p>সাম্প্ৰতিক কালত জীৱবিজ্ঞানৰ গৱেষণা আৰু আৱিষ্কাৰৰ দিশত অতি ক্ষিপ্ৰ বিকাশ পৰিলক্ষিত হৈছে | বোধহয় ‘মানৱ বংশগতি-সূত্ৰ আঁচনি’ (Human Genome Project)-ৰ সফল পৰিসমাপ্তি একবিংশ শতিকাত বিজ্ঞানৰ এতিয়ালৈকে আটাইতকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য আৰু গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সাফল্য | পৰৱৰ্ত্তী সময়ত জিনমিক্স আৰু প্ৰ’টিয়মিক্স বিষয়ক অধ্যয়নৰ দিশত হোৱা ক্ষিপ্ৰ প্ৰগতিয়ে আধুনিক জীৱবিজ্ঞানৰ অধ্যয়ন আৰু গৱেষণাত বৈপ্লৱিক পৰিৱৰ্ত্তনৰ সূচনা কৰিছে | এনেবোৰ গৱেষণাৰ ফলস্বৰূপে মানুহ আৰু জীৱ-জন্তুৰ বহুবোৰ অনাৰোগ্য ব্যাধি, যেনে: কৰ্কটৰোগ, এইড্‌চ আৰু বিশেষকৈ জন্মগত তথা বংশানুক্ৰমিক ৰোগৰ নিৰাময় ব্যৱস্থা উপলভ্য হোৱাৰ প্ৰচুৰ সম্ভাৱনা পৰিলক্ষিত হৈছে |</p>
<p>জীৱবিজ্ঞানৰ এনে আশ্বৰ্য্যজনক অগ্ৰগতিত বিশেষভাৱে অৰিহণা যোগাইছে – বিজ্ঞান আৰু প্ৰযুক্তিৰ অন্যান্য বিভিন্ন শাখাত সাম্প্ৰতিক কালত হোৱা সামগ্ৰিক বিকাশে| তাৰ ভিতৰত চিকিত্‍সা চিত্ৰ-বিদ্যা (Medical Imaging), নেন’-পৰ্য্যায়ৰ জৈৱ-আভিযান্ত্ৰিক শিক্ষা (Nanoscale Bioengineering) আৰু জিনৰ প্ৰকাশ (Gene Expression) সম্পৰ্কীয় গৱেষণা উল্লেখযোগ্য | এনেবোৰ প্ৰযুক্তিগত বিকাশৰ ফলত প্ৰাপ্ত হোৱা বৃহত্‍ পৰিমাণৰ তথ্যৰ সঠিক মূল্যায়ন আৰু বিশ্লেষণৰ জড়িয়তে বিজ্ঞানী সকলে জীৱদেহৰ বিভিন্ন ক্ৰিয়া-প্ৰক্ৰিয়া সম্পৰ্কে নানান ৰহস্য উদ্‌ঘাটন কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছে | সংশ্লিষ্ট ক্ষেত্ৰসমূহত হোৱা ক্ষিপ্ৰ প্ৰগতিৰ পৰিপ্ৰেক্ষিতত নিতৌ আৱিষ্কৃত হোৱা বৃহত্‍ পৰিমাণৰ নিত্য-নতুন তথ্য ৰাজিৰ ফলপ্ৰসু আৰু যথোপযুক্ত বিশ্লেষণ কৰি তাৰ পৰা প্ৰয়োজনীয় জ্ঞান আহৰণ কৰাটো জীৱবিজ্ঞানী সকলৰ বাবে আটাইতকৈ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ প্ৰত্যাহ্বান ৰূপে পৰিগণিত হৈছে |</p>
<p>আশা কৰা হৈছে যে এই ক্ষেত্ৰত গণিতৰ সুপ্ৰতিস্থিত প্ৰণালীসমূহৰ যথোপযুক্ত প্ৰয়োগে প্ৰচুৰভাৱে সহায় কৰিব পাৰিব | অৱশ্যে, জীৱবিজ্ঞানৰ জটিল মৌলিক সমস্যাসমূহৰ গাণিতিক সমাধান উদ্ভাৱন কৰাৰ বাবে নতুন ধাৰণা আৰু প্ৰযুক্তিৰ প্ৰয়োজন হ’ব | প্ৰকৃতপক্ষে, সাম্প্ৰতিক কালত এই দিশত হোৱা বৈজ্ঞানিক অগ্ৰগতিৰ ফলস্বৰূপে ইতিমধ্যে গণিত বিষয়ৰ অধ্যয়ন আৰু গৱেষণাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত কেতবোৰ নতুন দিশৰ সূচনা হৈছে |</p>
<p>বিশ্বৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰান্তত থকা বহুতো অগ্ৰণী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় আৰু গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানৰ গণিত, পৰিসংখ্যা বিজ্ঞান, কম্পিউটাৰ বিজ্ঞান আদি বিভাগৰ অধীনত ইতিমধ্যে গাণিতিক জীৱবিজ্ঞানীৰ একোটা দল গঠিত কৰা হৈছে | অন্যহাতে, কেতবোৰ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ত গণিতৰ পাঠ্যক্ৰমত জীৱবিজ্ঞানৰ সৈতে জড়িত গাণিতিক বিষয়বোৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে | তত্‍সত্ত্বেও, জীৱবিজ্ঞানৰ অধ্যয়ন আৰু গৱেষণাৰ বৰ্দ্ধিত তাগিদাৰ তুলনাত এনেবোৰ দিশত জড়িত বিজ্ঞানীৰ সংখ্যা বৰ্ত্তমানলৈকে তেনেই তাকৰ | সেয়েহে, গাণিতিক জীৱবিজ্ঞানৰ এই নতুন বিষয়টোৰ প্ৰণালীৱদ্ধ অধ্যয়ন আৰু গৱেষণাৰ বাবে  অধিক সংখ্যক গণিতজ্ঞ আৰু পৰিসংখ্যা বিজ্ঞানীক আকৰ্ষিত কৰাৰ প্ৰয়োজনীয়তা আহি পৰিছে |</p>
<h6>জৈৱ গণিত বা গাণিতিক জীৱবিজ্ঞাননো কি?</h6>
<p>জীৱদেহৰ শাৰীৰিক গঠন আৰু ক্ৰিয়া-কাণ্ডৰ মূল একক হ’ল কোষ | কিন্তু এই কোষবোৰৰ গঠন আৰু প্ৰকৃতি অতিশয় জটিল আৰু বিচিত্ৰ | স্তন্যপায়ী জন্তুৰ দেহৰ একোটা কোষত প্ৰায় ৩০০ নিযুত অণু থাকে | কিন্তু কোষবোৰ কেৱল অণুৰ সমষ্টিয়েই নহয় | প্ৰতিটো কোষে ইয়াৰ অণুবোৰৰ ওপৰত এক সুশৃংখল নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ ৰাখে | উদাহৰণ স্বৰূপে, ডি এন এ, আৰ এন এ আৰু প্ৰ’টিনৰ মাজৰ আণৱিক সম্পৰ্কলৈ আঙুলিয়াব পাৰি | প্ৰতিটো কোষে খাদ্যৰ পৰা পোষক দ্ৰৱ্য আহৰণ কৰে আৰু তাৰ ওপৰত কৰা ক্ৰিয়া-বিক্ৰিয়াৰ জড়িয়তে নানাবিধ জৈৱিক উপাদান প্ৰস্তুত কৰি বিভিন্ন কাম সমাধা কৰে | জীৱদেহত সংঘটিত এনেবোৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ গাণিতিক আৰ্হি প্ৰস্তুত কৰা (mathematical modeling) অতি দুৰূহ কাৰ্য্য | তদুপৰি যিহেতু মানৱ তথা অন্যান্য উচ্চস্তৰৰ জীৱদেহ বহু লক্ষ নিৰ্বুদ কোষৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত আৰু ভিন ভিন কলাৰ কোষসমূহে সংঘৱদ্ধভাৱে হাজাৰটা বিভিন্ন কাৰ্য্য সম্পাদন কৰে, জীৱকোষৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া সমূহৰ গাণিতিক আৰ্হি প্ৰস্তুত কৰাটো কি এক প্ৰত্যাহ্বান সি সহজেই অনুমেয় |</p>
<p>অনুল্লেখনীয় যে জৈৱ-গণিতৰ অধ্যয়নৰ বাবে মূলতঃ গণিতজ্ঞ আৰু জীৱবিজ্ঞানীৰ  সু-সমন্বিত প্ৰয়াসৰ আৱশ্যক | জীৱবিজ্ঞানীয়ে জৈৱিক প্ৰক্ৰিয়া সম্বন্ধে কেতবোৰ মৌলিক প্ৰশ্ন উপস্থাপন কৰিব বা এলানি পৰীক্ষা-নিৰীক্ষাৰ বিশদ বৰ্ণনা ডাঙি ধৰিব আৰু আনহাতে, গণিতজ্ঞ‍ই তাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি গাণিতিক আৰ্হি প্ৰস্তুত কৰিব আৰু সিবোৰক অনুকৰণ কৰি কম্পিউটাৰ তথা অন্যান্য প্ৰযুক্তিৰ জড়িয়তে অবিকল প্ৰক্ৰিয়া সংঘটিত কৰাৰ প্ৰয়াস কৰিব |</p>
<p>প্ৰসিদ্ধ শিক্ষাবিদ জন দিৱী (John Dewey) য়ে ১৯০১ চনত প্ৰকাশিত তেওঁৰ <em>The Child and Society</em>নামৰ পুথিখনত লিখিছিল - “We do not have a series of stratified earths, one of which is mathematical, another physical, etc. We should not be able to live very long in any one taken by itself. We live in a world where all sides are bound together; all studies grow out of relations in the one great common world.” জৈৱ-গণিতৰ বিকাশে বোধকৰো এই উক্তিৰ যথাৰ্থতাকেই প্ৰতিপন্ন কৰিছে | এই বিশ্বব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডত চলি থকা সকলো প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰু কৰ্ম-কাণ্ডৰ মূলতে হ’ল বিভিন্ন জৈৱিক, অজৈৱিক, ভৌতিক, আদি-ভৌতিক আদি বিচিত্ৰ সত্তা আৰু অণু-পৰমাণুৰ পৰস্পৰ মিলন তথা সিহঁতৰ ক্ৰিয়া-বিক্ৰিয়াৰ ফল | গতিকে ইহঁতৰ এটাক বাদ দি আনটোৰ অধ্যয়ন আৰু বিশ্লেষণ কেতিয়াও সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে সম্ভৱ হ’ব নোৱাৰে | সেয়েহে, সাম্প্ৰতিক কালত গাণিতিক জীৱবিজ্ঞান, জৈৱ তথ্য প্ৰযুক্তি আদি নতুন বিষয়বোৰে অতিশয় গুৰুত্ব লাভ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছে |</p>
<p>সাম্প্ৰতিক কালত জীৱবিজ্ঞান, জৈৱচিকিত্‍সা আৰু জৈৱপ্ৰযুক্তি – এই তিনিওটা বিষয়ৰ গৱেষণাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত গাণিতিক জীৱবিজ্ঞানৰ তত্ত্বগত আৰু ব্যৱহাৰিক দুয়োটা দিশতে বহুল প্ৰয়োগ পৰিলক্ষিত হৈছে | উদাহৰণ স্বৰূপে, কোষ জীৱবিদ্যা (cell biology)-ত প্ৰ’টিনৰ মাজৰ আন্তঃআণৱিক বিক্ৰিয়াবিলাক সূচাবলৈ সাধাৰণতে কাৰ্টুনৰ দৰে আৰ্হি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়, যি জৈৱিক প্ৰক্ৰিয়াবোৰৰ প্ৰকৃত ছবিখন ফুটাই তুলিব নোৱাৰে | প্ৰকৃততে ইয়াক ফুটাই তুলিবলৈ হ’লে উপযুক্ত গাণিতিক আৰ্হিৰ সহায় লোৱা প্ৰয়োজন | জৈৱিক ক্ৰিয়া-প্ৰক্ৰিয়াবোৰ সাংখ্যিক ৰূপত প্ৰকাশ কৰিব পাৰিলে জৈৱিক পদাৰ্থৰ আন্তঃআণৱিক বিক্ৰিয়া আৰু তেনে বিক্ৰিয়াত প্ৰতিটো অণুৰ আচৰণ প্ৰকৃত ৰূপত ডাঙি ধৰিব পৰা যায় আৰু ফলত বিক্ৰিয়াবোৰৰ সম্ভাৱ্য পৰিণতি সম্বন্ধে আগতীয়াকৈ সঠিকৰূপে অনুমান কৰিব পৰা যায় |</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>- ড৹  প্ৰবোধ বৰা।</p>
<p>অধ্যাপক, অনুজীৱ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ</p>
<p>পশু চিকিত্‍সা বিজ্ঞান মহাবিদ্যালয়</p>
<p>অসম কৃষি বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়</p>
<p>খানাপাৰা, গুৱাহাটী-৭৮১০২২</p>
<p>[তেখেতৰ ব্লগ "<a href="http://bigyanbichitra.blogspot.in/" target="_blank">বিজ্ঞানৰ বিচিত্ৰ কথা</a>"ৰ পৰা।]</p>
<p></p>
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		<title>Real Analysis Textbook: Free Download</title>
		<link>http://gonitsora.com/real-analysis-textbook-free-download/</link>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 02 May 2012 06:40:23 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Manjil P. Saikia</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Articles]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[<p>&#160; Prof. William Trench has made available his book on Real Analysis for free download. The book can be downloaded here. This book was previously published by Pearson Education.  This free edition is made available in the hope that it will be useful as a textbook or reference.  Reproduction is permitted for any valid noncommercial [...]</p><p>Thank you for subscribing to our RSS feed. In case of any suggestions please fell free to email at manjil@gonitsora.com</p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;</p>
<div id="attachment_2134" class="wp-caption alignleft" style="width: 177px"><a href="http://gonitsora.com"><img class=" wp-image-2134 " title="Real_Analysis" src="http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Real_Analysis.jpg" alt="Real Analysis" width="167" height="233" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Real Analysis by William Trench</p></div>
<p>Prof. William Trench has made available his book on Real Analysis for free download. The book can be downloaded <a href="http://gonitsora.com/downloads/TRENCH_REAL_ANALYSIS.PDF" target="_blank">here</a>.</p>
<p>This book was previously published by Pearson Education.  This free edition is made available in the hope that it will be useful as a textbook or reference.  Reproduction is permitted for any valid noncommercial educational, mathematical, or scientific purpose.  However, sale of or charges for any part of this book beyond reasonable reproduction costs are prohibited.</p>
<p>A complete solutions manual is available free of charge by request to <a href="mailto:wtrench@trinity.edu">wtrench@trinity.edu</a> on verification of faculty status.  The author reserves all rights to the manual under the US copyright dated May 4, 2009 (Registration No. TXu 1-634-325).  Recipients are strictly prohibited from transmitting the manual to any third party without explicit permission of the author.  Under US copyright law,</p>
<blockquote><p><a href="http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Bev-Bill.jpg"><img class="alignright  wp-image-2135" title="William Trench" src="http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Bev-Bill.jpg" alt="William Trench" width="122" height="87" /></a>"Uploading or downloading works protected by copyright without the authority of the copyright owner is an infringement of the copyright owner's exclusive rights of reproduction and/or distribution.  Anyone found to have infringed a copyrighted work may be liable for statutory damages up to $30,000 for each work infringed and, if willful infringement is proven by the copyright owner, that amount may be increased up to $150,000 for each work infringed.  In addition, an infringer of a work may also be liable for the attorney's fees incurred by the copyright owner to enforce his or her rights."</p></blockquote>
<p>Prof. Trench is the Andrew G. Cowles Distinguished Professor (Retired) at the Trinity University, San Antorio, Texas.</p>
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		<title>Quantum Yang-Mills Theory</title>
		<link>http://gonitsora.com/quantum-yang-mills-theory/</link>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 26 Apr 2012 09:44:54 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Prof. Malay Dutta</dc:creator>
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		<category><![CDATA[Yang Mills Theory]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[<p>&#160; [Editor: This is next part in our series of articles on the Millennium Problems.] In classical physics, there were two kinds of entities, material particles governed by Newtonian mechanics and fields governed by appropriate field equations eg Maxwell’s equations for electromagnetic field. However just before and after the beginning of the twentieth century, experimental [...]</p><p>Thank you for subscribing to our RSS feed. In case of any suggestions please fell free to email at manjil@gonitsora.com</p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p align="JUSTIFY">[Editor: This is next part in our series of articles on the <a title="The Millennium Problems" href="http://gonitsora.com/the-millennium-problems/" target="_blank">Millennium Problems</a>.]</p>
<p align="JUSTIFY">In classical physics, there were two kinds of entities, material particles governed by Newtonian mechanics and fields governed by appropriate field equations eg Maxwell’s equations for electromagnetic field. However just before and after the beginning of the twentieth century, experimental results indicated that fields (waves) can exhibit particle properties and particles can exhibit wave properties. For the explanation of the second situation, physicists introduced the notion of wave-functions which were fields and formed vectors in a Hilbert space eg L<sup>2</sup>(R<sup>3</sup>) The observable quantities were Hermitian operators in that space with their eigenvalues giving the observed values. To handle the first situation i.e. to understand the quantum aspects of fields, the fields themselves were treated as operators which acted on a Hilbert space of vectors which had particle-like excitations. The theory predicted that every particle must have an antiparticle of the same mass and opposite charge, and surely enough this was confirmed by the discovery of the positron. With this approach Maxwell’s theory gave rise to a highly successful Quantum Field Theory called Quantum Electrodynamics (QED).</p>
<p align="JUSTIFY">Maxwell’s field equations had a feature called gauge invariance which was not noticed earlier but became important in its quantum-mechanical version Quantum Electrodynamics. The gauge transformations formed a group of symmetry of the system and in the case of QED, the gauge group is U(1) the multiplicative group of complex numbers of absolute value one. In 1954, physicists Yang and Mills proposed Yang-Mills theory which was a field theory with the gauge group being any simple compact Lie group (may be nonabelian). It was expected that this theory will be able to unify all the four fundamental forces of nature, the gravitational, the electromagnetic, the strong force and the weak force in a single unified quantum field theory. There were theoretical difficulties in these but overcoming them the weak force was brought under such a theory by the gauge group SU(2), and later the strong force was similarly unified using the gauge group SU(3). For the gravitational field more experimental results and theoretical developments will be needed. There is another peculiarity of such a theory which is not properly understood. The electromagnetic and the gravitational fields are carried by particles with zero rest mass and therefore can have a long range according to the theory. But the short and the weak forces are short range forces and therefore must have a positive rest mass. The mass is same as the energy whose eigenvalues are nonnegative. The theory works fine for any gauge group only when the mass is zero, or greater than a number Δ &gt; 0. This number is called the mass gap. It is not clear to the physicists why this mass gap occurs but because of the immense experimental success, physicists are confident that all the difficulties will eventually be sorted out and a theory will be obtained which explains all the physical interactions occurring in this universe.</p>
<p align="JUSTIFY">But the mathematicians are far from satisfied mainly because it is not known whether solutions exist for the . Yang-Mills equations i.e. whether a Yang-Mills theory exists for any compact simple Lie group. Physicists are after all computing and verifying some approximate solutions assuming that such solutions exist. Also the question of the mass gap is not clear. The situation is similar to that of Navier-Stokes equation. The whole of classical Physics also required a correct definition of a real number which was arrived at by the mathematicians only towards the end of the nineteenth century. Because of all these the following millennium problem has been proposed.</p>
<p align="JUSTIFY">Yang Mills Existence and Mass Gap Problem : Prove that for any compact simple Lie group G, a non-trivial quantum Yang-Mills theory exists on R<sup>4</sup> (space-time) and predicts a mass gap Δ &gt; 0.</p>
<p align="JUSTIFY">If this theorem is proved then the whole of Modern Physics will start having a strong Mathematical foundation.</p>
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		<title>A geeky party trick</title>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 24 Apr 2012 07:59:44 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Manohar Prabhu</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[<p>&#160; You are at a friend’s place having good time together, watching TV, maybe playing classic video games, or whatever you are in mood for. Soon it all gets pretty boring. You are in mood for some fun and you want to have a bet with your friend over a game. &#160; Imagine a 2-player [...]</p><p>Thank you for subscribing to our RSS feed. In case of any suggestions please fell free to email at manjil@gonitsora.com</p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>You are at a friend’s place having good time together, watching TV, maybe playing classic video games, or whatever you are in mood for. Soon it all gets pretty boring. You are in mood for some fun and you want to have a bet with your friend over a game.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Imagine a 2-player game that you can play with your friend with following rules:-</p>
<p>1)     An arbitrary number is chosen as the starting number.</p>
<p>2)     Each of the players takes turns to play his/her turn.</p>
<p>3)     In a given turn, the player is allowed to subtract any prime number less than the current number, including 1, from the current number. After subtraction, this becomes the new number.</p>
<p>4)     The player take turns doing this and ultimately the person unable to make a move loses the game.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Now consider a sample game:-</p>
<p>The selected number is 52.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Player 1 starts the game and selects a prime number less than 52.</p>
<p>He selects 13. The new number is 52 - 13 = 39</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Player 2 selects another prime number, 17</p>
<p>New number is 39 - 17 = 22</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Player 1 selects another prime number, 19</p>
<p>New number is 22 – 19 = 3</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Now player 2 has only 2 choices. Either to select 2 or 1. He chooses 2.</p>
<p>New number is 3 – 2 = 1</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Now player 1 has no options(primes less than 1). Hence, he is unable to make a move and loses the game. The winner of this game is player 2.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>So, now the question is, what is the best strategy to win this game?</p>
<p>A good strategy to win this game is to make sure your opponent does not get a chance to win. And to do this, you have to identify theWINNINGSTATESand theLOSINGSTATES.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Lets start by identifying these states.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Consider the number 1.</p>
<p>According to the rules, you need to subtract a prime number less than the current number. But here, there is no number less than 1. Hence, whoever ends up with number 1 has no choice to make. Hence he will definitely LOSE.</p>
<p>Hence, 1 is aLOSINGSTATE.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Now consider the number 2.</p>
<p>You have the option to subtract only 1 number from this. i.e- 1.</p>
<p>If you subtract 1, the other player ends up with the number 1, which is a losing state. Hence, you will win the game by subtracting 1 from 2. Hence, 2 is aWINNINGSTATE.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Similarly, consider number 3. You have the option of subtracting 1 or 2 from 3. Remember that your best strategy is to PUSH THE OTHER PERSON TO A LOSING STATE. Hence, your best bet is to subtract 2 from 3 and give 1 to other player. Hence, it is possible to win the game by subtracting 2 from 3. Hence, 3 is aWINNINGSTATE.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Similarly, for number 4, you can subtract 3 and again push the other player to losing state. Hence, 4 isWINNINGSTATE.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Now take the number 5. Here comes the twist. Now you have the options to subtract 1,2 or 3 from 5. Notice that no matter which prime number you subtract, you wont be able to push your opponent to a losing state. In other words, your opponent will always end up in a winning state if you end up with number 5.</p>
<p>Hence, 5 is aLOSINGSTATE.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Now if you keep identifying the states in similar manner for all numbers, you will notice the following pattern.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<table width="613" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="27">1</td>
<td valign="top" width="33">2</td>
<td valign="top" width="33">3</td>
<td valign="top" width="25">4</td>
<td valign="top" width="25">5</td>
<td valign="top" width="25">6</td>
<td valign="top" width="25">7</td>
<td valign="top" width="25">8</td>
<td valign="top" width="25">9</td>
<td valign="top" width="34">10</td>
<td valign="top" width="34">11</td>
<td valign="top" width="34">12</td>
<td valign="top" width="34">13</td>
<td valign="top" width="34">14</td>
<td valign="top" width="34">15</td>
<td valign="top" width="34">16</td>
<td valign="top" width="34">17</td>
<td valign="top" width="34">18</td>
<td valign="top" width="34">19</td>
<td valign="top" width="34">20</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="27">L</td>
<td valign="top" width="33">W</td>
<td valign="top" width="33">W</td>
<td valign="top" width="25">W</td>
<td valign="top" width="25">L</td>
<td valign="top" width="25">W</td>
<td valign="top" width="25">W</td>
<td valign="top" width="25">W</td>
<td valign="top" width="25">L</td>
<td valign="top" width="34">W</td>
<td valign="top" width="34">W</td>
<td valign="top" width="34">W</td>
<td valign="top" width="34">L</td>
<td valign="top" width="34">W</td>
<td valign="top" width="34">W</td>
<td valign="top" width="34">W</td>
<td valign="top" width="34">L</td>
<td valign="top" width="34">W</td>
<td valign="top" width="34">W</td>
<td valign="top" width="34">W</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>L indicatesLOSINGSTATESand W indicates WINNING STATES.</p>
<p>By analysis, you can observe that for any given number, the only numbers you ever need to subtract to push your opponent to losing states are 1,2 and 3.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Hence, you can conclude that your best bet to win the game is to try to subtract a number in your turn such that it ends up in a losing state.</p>
<p>In this case, subtract a number such that after subtraction, N mod 4 == 1.</p>
<p>As shown in the table, the numbers satisfying this relation are 1,5,9,13…</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Hence, the algorithm for winning the game is</p>
<p>1)     Subtract a prime number such that the new number leaves a remainder of 1 when divided by 4.</p>
<p>2)     If no numbers exist that satisfies step 1, then subtract a random prime number less than the current number. (Hoping that the opponent will make a mistake in later stages and end up in losing state.)</p>
<p>3)     Continue this until your opponent ends up with number 1 and is unable to make a move.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Now play this game with your unsuspecting friend and prepare to win lots of bets. <img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_wink.gif' alt=';)' class='wp-smiley' /> </p>
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		<title>Mathematical reasoning and nature of proof</title>
		<link>http://gonitsora.com/mathematical-reasoning-and-nature-of-proof/</link>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 20 Apr 2012 14:01:50 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Tarun Kumari</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Articles]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Mathematical reasoning]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[nature of proof]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[<p>  1. Nature of Truth In mathematics we deal with statements that are ``True" or ``False". This is known as the ``Law of Excluded Middle". Despite the fact that multi valued logics are used in computer science, they have no place in mathematical reasoning.   2. Nature of Mathematical Proof A very common question that [...]</p><p>Thank you for subscribing to our RSS feed. In case of any suggestions please fell free to email at manjil@gonitsora.com</p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong>1. Nature of Truth</strong></p>
<p>In mathematics we deal with statements that are ``True" or ``False". This is known as the ``Law of Excluded Middle". Despite the fact that multi valued logics are used in computer science, they have no place in mathematical reasoning.</p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong>2. Nature of Mathematical Proof</strong></p>
<p>A very common question that comes to our mind is “What is the definition of a good mathematical proof?” And the answer seems to be best given by “It convinces you!” Unfortunately this is not very true. Personal certitude has nothing to do with mathematical proof. The human mind is a very fragile thing, and human beings can be convinced of the most preposterous things. A good proof is one that starts with a set of axioms, and proceeds using correct <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9693bdec305d06f92becf8173511da5f.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathbf {rules ~of~ inference}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathbf {rules ~of~ inference}</script> to the conclusion.</p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong>3. Rules of Inference</strong></p>
<p>The common rule of inference that are frequently used are listed below.</p>
<p>1) Given the statement: <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ef2cf516122cf1cefde3cd10a692e78c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="All ~A ~ is ~ B" /></span><script type='math/tex'>All ~A ~ is ~ B</script> ~ and the statement <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d523efac974114bb668c33a7f3547dbf.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="All~B ~is ~ C" /></span><script type='math/tex'>All~B ~is ~ C</script> , we conclude that  <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_8a3cadedd18cad4e7d47347df22c65da.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="All~ A ~ is ~ C. " /></span><script type='math/tex'>All~ A ~ is ~ C. </script></p>
<p>For example:</p>
<blockquote><p>If I do not wake up, then I cannot go to work.</p>
<p>If cannot go to work then I will not be paid.</p>
<p>Therefore, if I do not wake up, then I will not get paid.</p></blockquote>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>2) Given <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_344fec631a7a37306f81a464fae02df2.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="All ~ A ~ is ~B" /></span><script type='math/tex'>All ~ A ~ is ~B</script> . We conclude that <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3bfc3d3b9b8482ac5b72f44584e156be.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="Some~ B~ is ~A " /></span><script type='math/tex'>Some~ B~ is ~A </script> .</p>
<p>For example:</p>
<blockquote><p>All cows are Animals, therefore some animals are cows.</p></blockquote>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>An incorrect inference is to conclude that <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_4a013c4890059e419565116f7f40730a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="All ~ B ~ is ~ A," /></span><script type='math/tex'>All ~ B ~ is ~ A,</script> given <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e91fcfb4384dce68af7a3d92c2ded0bf.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="All~ A ~ is ~ B" /></span><script type='math/tex'>All~ A ~ is ~ B</script> . After all, not all animals are cows!</p>
<p>3) Given <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_00bb0898146b1e91718c61518905a377.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="Some ~ A ~ is B ~ and Some~ B~ is ~C" /></span><script type='math/tex'>Some ~ A ~ is B ~ and Some~ B~ is ~C</script> , we can conclude nothing.</p>
<p>For example:</p>
<blockquote><p>Some cows are Jerseys,</p>
<p>Some Jerseys are human.</p></blockquote>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Here we interpret the word “Jersey” as “Things that come from Jersey, an island in the English Channel.”</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>4) Given <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_aad124e4eb79c83d60661211a289c8f1.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="Some ~ A ~ is ~ B" /></span><script type='math/tex'>Some ~ A ~ is ~ B</script> , we conclude that <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_34ef65954c0d9de74f0ca601b7bb04f2.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="Some~ B~ is ~ A" /></span><script type='math/tex'>Some~ B~ is ~ A</script> .</p>
<p>For example:</p>
<blockquote><p>Some cows are Jerseys, therefore some Jerseys are cows.</p></blockquote>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>5) Given <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ee2df28b3374f27e6a8f3cddfe36b9b6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="Some ~ A ~is B~ and ~ All ~ B ~ is ~C" /></span><script type='math/tex'>Some ~ A ~is B~ and ~ All ~ B ~ is ~C</script> we conclude that <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_c2a29b51ffd5e9092da77a9cfd0600e0.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="Some ~ A ~ is ~C" /></span><script type='math/tex'>Some ~ A ~ is ~C</script> .</p>
<p>For example:</p>
<blockquote><p>Some cows give milk, All things that give milk are female.</p>
<p>Therefore , Some cows are female.</p></blockquote>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>6) Given <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_8f33e9be835b8fd6c093caad1741f1d7.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="All ~ A ~ is ~ B, " /></span><script type='math/tex'>All ~ A ~ is ~ B, </script> and <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_77cdf123c89b09cd44fb0d32af6eeb26.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="Some ~ B ~ is ~ C" /></span><script type='math/tex'>Some ~ B ~ is ~ C</script> . In this case we can conclude nothing.</p>
<p>For example:</p>
<blockquote><p>All cows are animals. Some animals are birds.</p>
<p>No conclusion is possible.</p></blockquote>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Now such logical inferences can be formulated in rigorous mathematical format by the proper use of <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_a62a2b930e73a9969f9de6fd1154ac52.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="\mathbf{quantifiers}." /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathbf{quantifiers}.</script></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>⦁ A statement such as <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f7829580b519eef94a0617377c2f2b83.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="All ~ A ~ is B~" /></span><script type='math/tex'>All ~ A ~ is B~</script> is said to be <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_24b247a220cd7cc3ae8f84d8cc708a53.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt=""\mathbf{Universally ~quantified}"" /></span><script type='math/tex'>"\mathbf{Universally ~quantified}"</script> . In other words, it is a universal statement that applies to all <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e1354cc842cc323c307b3424ed3dfa81.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="A." /></span><script type='math/tex'>A.</script></p>
<p>⦁ A statement such as <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_77eacd88d2f48d9c40b83834155ea222.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="Some ~ A ~ is ~ B ~" /></span><script type='math/tex'>Some ~ A ~ is ~ B ~</script> is said to be <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2d784c20c1def34a03a42214fc61ffd5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt=""\mathbf{Existentially ~quantified} "" /></span><script type='math/tex'>"\mathbf{Existentially ~quantified} "</script> . In other words , there exists at least one <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7fc56270e7a70fa81a5935b72eacbe29.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="A" /></span><script type='math/tex'>A</script> to which the statement applies.</p>
<p>⦁ The only permissible form for the universal negative is <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_c9af9bbeb3c5d5f4c55a1efa6fc9c2c8.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="No~ A ~ is ~ B" /></span><script type='math/tex'>No~ A ~ is ~ B</script> . The existential negative has several forms like -</p>
<blockquote><p>Not all A is B</p>
<p>Some A is not B, and many others.</p></blockquote>
<p>Mathematical statements require somewhat greater precision than general statements.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>4. Negation of a statement</strong></p>
<p>A proposition is a statement that can be assigned the value <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_960f7c4221bce1264445c9c691570c93.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:1px;' class='tex' alt="\mathbf{True}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathbf{True}</script> or <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e95154405fb34e522a3bc35b03d10ccb.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:1px;' class='tex' alt="\mathbf{False}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathbf{False}</script> . Negation of a statement is the one that produces a value of <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_352e8c4817a0ee571f9268e9d7ea2c62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:1px;' class='tex' alt="\mathbf{true}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathbf{true}</script> when the original statement is <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_c7e16bc04d50f8f3f0af70abeafe4564.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="\mathbf{false}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathbf{false}</script> and vice versa. In ordinary logic</p>
<p>* An existential negates a universal and a universal negates an existential.</p>
<p>* The negation of <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_c5e9947d1fcf24ec90e88f41787204ac.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt=""All~ A~ is~ B"" /></span><script type='math/tex'>"All~ A~ is~ B"</script> is <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3201b42d2de3c3541f0c9cfb82cb10ba.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt=""Some ~A~ is ~ not~B"" /></span><script type='math/tex'>"Some ~A~ is ~ not~B"</script> .</p>
<p>* The negative of <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_382c296b2ee59ba0603eccf94feebff9.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt=""Some ~ A ~ is~ B"" /></span><script type='math/tex'>"Some ~ A ~ is~ B"</script> is  <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ee210409c56210c16ed66acb97adfe98.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt=""No ~ A~is ~B"" /></span><script type='math/tex'>"No ~ A~is ~B"</script>.</p>
<p>* The statements <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9d9ce6945c58816c9439f165ec7df4c5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt=""Some ~A~is~B"" /></span><script type='math/tex'>"Some ~A~is~B"</script> and <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_dc58cdf611314f1805a1f4f555a6ae15.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt=""Some~A~is~not~B"" /></span><script type='math/tex'>"Some~A~is~not~B"</script> can both be true.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>5. Logical Connectives</strong></p>
<p>1) If <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_44c29edb103a2872f519ad0c9a0fdaaa.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:1px;' class='tex' alt="P" /></span><script type='math/tex'>P</script> is a proposition, <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_faca3e753a7340bc7072a2020888ca51.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:1px;' class='tex' alt="\neg P" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\neg P</script> is its negation. <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_faca3e753a7340bc7072a2020888ca51.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:1px;' class='tex' alt="\neg P" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\neg P</script> is read as <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_a148fabaa11304106ce389907200df79.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:1px;' class='tex' alt=""not~ P"" /></span><script type='math/tex'>"not~ P"</script> .</p>
<p><strong>Note:</strong> Do not confuse this mathematical connective with the general statement <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_104619e41ff22c864f4a2a77858221e3.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt=""Not~ all~ A ~is~ B"" /></span><script type='math/tex'>"Not~ all~ A ~is~ B"</script> . They are not the same thing.</p>
<p>2) If <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_44c29edb103a2872f519ad0c9a0fdaaa.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:1px;' class='tex' alt="P" /></span><script type='math/tex'>P</script> and <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f09564c9ca56850d4cd6b3319e541aee.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="Q" /></span><script type='math/tex'>Q</script> are propositions,</p>
<p>* <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_bae854a60ad22d7ae5159001a21e1bff.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="P\wedge Q" /></span><script type='math/tex'>P\wedge Q</script> is called the conjunction of <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_44c29edb103a2872f519ad0c9a0fdaaa.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:1px;' class='tex' alt="P" /></span><script type='math/tex'>P</script> and <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f09564c9ca56850d4cd6b3319e541aee.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="Q" /></span><script type='math/tex'>Q</script> , and is read as <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_bb013413e4cf0c0ba4e1e30eb2979e92.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="P~and ~Q" /></span><script type='math/tex'>P~and ~Q</script> .</p>
<p>* <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_4a556f20cd34c6ae46c9d60066442dc5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="P\vee Q" /></span><script type='math/tex'>P\vee Q</script> is called the disjunction of <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_44c29edb103a2872f519ad0c9a0fdaaa.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:1px;' class='tex' alt="P" /></span><script type='math/tex'>P</script> and <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f09564c9ca56850d4cd6b3319e541aee.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="Q" /></span><script type='math/tex'>Q</script> , and is read as <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_545c5e9ad67690024a38d39c9145a1a3.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="P~ or ~ Q" /></span><script type='math/tex'>P~ or ~ Q</script> .</p>
<p>* <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f6a7e09f0f3419c68aba9f8973f4935c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="P\rightarrow Q" /></span><script type='math/tex'>P\rightarrow Q</script> is called the implication of <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_44c29edb103a2872f519ad0c9a0fdaaa.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:1px;' class='tex' alt="P" /></span><script type='math/tex'>P</script> and <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f09564c9ca56850d4cd6b3319e541aee.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="Q" /></span><script type='math/tex'>Q</script> and is read as <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9c05269f7ac75510ab9c5b7550e6d130.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="If ~ P ~ then ~ Q" /></span><script type='math/tex'>If ~ P ~ then ~ Q</script> .</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>6. Implications</strong></p>
<p>◦ The most interesting connective is the implication <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f6a7e09f0f3419c68aba9f8973f4935c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="P\rightarrow Q" /></span><script type='math/tex'>P\rightarrow Q</script> . It can also be written as <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ac7ee058e6f49e3ec29be558a6e751cb.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="\neg P\vee Q" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\neg P\vee Q</script> .</p>
<p>◦ If <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_44c29edb103a2872f519ad0c9a0fdaaa.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:1px;' class='tex' alt="P" /></span><script type='math/tex'>P</script> is false then the entire statement is true. That is <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d294580f69ae2281d61c0674ae47acdd.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt=""\mathbf{ A ~False~ statement~ Implies ~Anything }"" /></span><script type='math/tex'>"\mathbf{ A ~False~ statement~ Implies ~Anything }"</script> .</p>
<p>◦ An implication is proven by assuming that <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_44c29edb103a2872f519ad0c9a0fdaaa.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:1px;' class='tex' alt="P" /></span><script type='math/tex'>P</script> is true and in that case, <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f09564c9ca56850d4cd6b3319e541aee.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="Q" /></span><script type='math/tex'>Q</script> must also be true.</p>
<p>◦ Given a statement <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_5dbc98dcc983a70728bd082d1a47546e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="S" /></span><script type='math/tex'>S</script> of the form <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_85c338efe77e88aa49230b900881c4aa.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="P \rightarrow Q" /></span><script type='math/tex'>P \rightarrow Q</script> , the statement <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_262296703bf3204e536d338ba1b50a56.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="Q\rightarrow P" /></span><script type='math/tex'>Q\rightarrow P</script> is called the <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_4093349b962277ef8c286b6651415a1a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="\mathbf{Converse}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathbf{Converse}</script> of <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_5dbc98dcc983a70728bd082d1a47546e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="S" /></span><script type='math/tex'>S</script> .</p>
<p>◦ The Converse of <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_5dbc98dcc983a70728bd082d1a47546e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="S" /></span><script type='math/tex'>S</script> is an independent statement and must be proven independently of <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_5dbc98dcc983a70728bd082d1a47546e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="S" /></span><script type='math/tex'>S</script> .</p>
<p>◦ A statement and its contrapositive are logically equivalent. Either both are true or both are false.</p>
<p>◦ Given a statement <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_5dbc98dcc983a70728bd082d1a47546e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="S" /></span><script type='math/tex'>S</script> of the form <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_85c338efe77e88aa49230b900881c4aa.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="P \rightarrow Q" /></span><script type='math/tex'>P \rightarrow Q</script> , the statement <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_52778ec9a03dc75328aee29f3ea1469a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="\neg Q\rightarrow \neg P" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\neg Q\rightarrow \neg P</script> is called the <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_cc95fc7ff3e90c1514a89b1bd4ee5529.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="\mathbf{Contrapositive}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathbf{Contrapositive}</script> of <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_5dbc98dcc983a70728bd082d1a47546e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="S" /></span><script type='math/tex'>S</script> .</p>
<p>◦ The statement <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_5ce86ff4ea43e08fcc5780e3bbc20b72.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="\neg P \rightarrow \neg Q" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\neg P \rightarrow \neg Q</script> is called the <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_617731312bbc13ddee45ba994232aba7.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:1px;' class='tex' alt="\mathbf {Inverse}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathbf {Inverse}</script> if <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_5dbc98dcc983a70728bd082d1a47546e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="S" /></span><script type='math/tex'>S</script> . The Inverse of <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_5dbc98dcc983a70728bd082d1a47546e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="S" /></span><script type='math/tex'>S</script> is logically equivalent to the Converse of <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_5dbc98dcc983a70728bd082d1a47546e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="S" /></span><script type='math/tex'>S</script> .</p>
<p>◦ The statement of the form <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_6ebc4aee16bbaacb4b0a78e7118ce534.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="P~ iff~ Q" /></span><script type='math/tex'>P~ iff~ Q</script> is the shorthand for <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_57efe545f8243fdd5f0852915f4ac1ce.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="(If ~ P ~then ~Q)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>(If ~ P ~then ~Q)</script> and <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_a948842af836347a055fb1e34d378e25.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="(If ~ Q~ then ~ P)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>(If ~ Q~ then ~ P)</script> . In symbols we express this as <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_a3882e1772db517e421797ad6871e43f.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="P\leftrightarrow Q" /></span><script type='math/tex'>P\leftrightarrow Q</script> .To prove <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_a3882e1772db517e421797ad6871e43f.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="P\leftrightarrow Q" /></span><script type='math/tex'>P\leftrightarrow Q</script> , we must prove both <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_85c338efe77e88aa49230b900881c4aa.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="P \rightarrow Q" /></span><script type='math/tex'>P \rightarrow Q</script> and <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_51eb922e404d2b55480ab6c34dbf7722.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="Q \rightarrow P" /></span><script type='math/tex'>Q \rightarrow P</script> .</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>7. Negating Compound Statements</strong></p>
<p><span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_97c2c857f92a145e92eff7e732c60960.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="\neg(P\wedge Q) = \neg P \vee \neg Q " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\neg(P\wedge Q) = \neg P \vee \neg Q </script></p>
<p>⦁ X is less than three and X is odd</p>
<p>⦁ X is greater than or equal to 3 or X is even</p>
<p><span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9d876eccdb3016907790b9ee0ad4bf5a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="\neg(P\vee Q) = \neg P \wedge \neg Q " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\neg(P\vee Q) = \neg P \wedge \neg Q </script></p>
<p>⦁ The car was either red or green</p>
<p>⦁ The car was not red AND it was not green</p>
<p><span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_391da2c0acde1f2104b887bd12685ecb.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="\neg(P\rightarrow Q) = P \wedge \neg Q " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\neg(P\rightarrow Q) = P \wedge \neg Q </script></p>
<p>⦁ If a person has a Ph.D. then they must be rich</p>
<p>⦁ Prof. Maurer has a PhD and Prof. Maurer is poor.</p>
<p>⦁ Note change in quantifiers.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>8. Rules of inferences</strong></p>
<p>✓ If <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_44c29edb103a2872f519ad0c9a0fdaaa.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:1px;' class='tex' alt="P" /></span><script type='math/tex'>P</script> is known to be true , <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_faca3e753a7340bc7072a2020888ca51.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:1px;' class='tex' alt="\neg P" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\neg P</script> is false, and vice versa.</p>
<p>✓ If <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_bae854a60ad22d7ae5159001a21e1bff.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="P\wedge Q" /></span><script type='math/tex'>P\wedge Q</script> is true, then <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_18212cc07c85cbc28426b487d366abb8.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="Q\wedge P" /></span><script type='math/tex'>Q\wedge P</script> is true.</p>
<p>✓ If <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_bae854a60ad22d7ae5159001a21e1bff.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="P\wedge Q" /></span><script type='math/tex'>P\wedge Q</script> is true, then both <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_44c29edb103a2872f519ad0c9a0fdaaa.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:1px;' class='tex' alt="P" /></span><script type='math/tex'>P</script> and <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f09564c9ca56850d4cd6b3319e541aee.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="Q" /></span><script type='math/tex'>Q</script> are true.</p>
<p>✓ If <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_bae854a60ad22d7ae5159001a21e1bff.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="P\wedge Q" /></span><script type='math/tex'>P\wedge Q</script> is false and <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_44c29edb103a2872f519ad0c9a0fdaaa.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:1px;' class='tex' alt="P" /></span><script type='math/tex'>P</script> is known to be true, then <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f09564c9ca56850d4cd6b3319e541aee.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="Q" /></span><script type='math/tex'>Q</script> is false.</p>
<p>✓ If <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_4a556f20cd34c6ae46c9d60066442dc5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="P\vee Q" /></span><script type='math/tex'>P\vee Q</script> is true, then <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_1d2cde0b8fb179ef3da86c0e21fd9b12.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="Q\vee P" /></span><script type='math/tex'>Q\vee P</script> is true.</p>
<p>✓ If <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_4a556f20cd34c6ae46c9d60066442dc5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="P\vee Q" /></span><script type='math/tex'>P\vee Q</script> is false, then both <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_44c29edb103a2872f519ad0c9a0fdaaa.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:1px;' class='tex' alt="P" /></span><script type='math/tex'>P</script> and <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f09564c9ca56850d4cd6b3319e541aee.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="Q" /></span><script type='math/tex'>Q</script> are false.</p>
<p>✓ If <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_4a556f20cd34c6ae46c9d60066442dc5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="P\vee Q" /></span><script type='math/tex'>P\vee Q</script> is known to be true, and <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_44c29edb103a2872f519ad0c9a0fdaaa.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:1px;' class='tex' alt="P" /></span><script type='math/tex'>P</script> is known to be false then <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f09564c9ca56850d4cd6b3319e541aee.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="Q" /></span><script type='math/tex'>Q</script> is true.</p>
<p>✓ If <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f6a7e09f0f3419c68aba9f8973f4935c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="P\rightarrow Q" /></span><script type='math/tex'>P\rightarrow Q</script> is known to be true, and <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_44c29edb103a2872f519ad0c9a0fdaaa.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:1px;' class='tex' alt="P" /></span><script type='math/tex'>P</script> is true then <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f09564c9ca56850d4cd6b3319e541aee.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="Q" /></span><script type='math/tex'>Q</script> is true.</p>
<p>✓ If <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f6a7e09f0f3419c68aba9f8973f4935c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="P\rightarrow Q" /></span><script type='math/tex'>P\rightarrow Q</script> is known to be true, and <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f09564c9ca56850d4cd6b3319e541aee.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="Q" /></span><script type='math/tex'>Q</script> is false then <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_44c29edb103a2872f519ad0c9a0fdaaa.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:1px;' class='tex' alt="P" /></span><script type='math/tex'>P</script> is false.</p>
<p>✓ If <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_a3882e1772db517e421797ad6871e43f.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="P\leftrightarrow Q" /></span><script type='math/tex'>P\leftrightarrow Q</script> is known to be true and <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_44c29edb103a2872f519ad0c9a0fdaaa.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:1px;' class='tex' alt="P" /></span><script type='math/tex'>P</script> is true then <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f09564c9ca56850d4cd6b3319e541aee.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="Q" /></span><script type='math/tex'>Q</script> is true, and vice versa.</p>
<p>✓ If <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_a3882e1772db517e421797ad6871e43f.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="P\leftrightarrow Q" /></span><script type='math/tex'>P\leftrightarrow Q</script> is known to be true and <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_44c29edb103a2872f519ad0c9a0fdaaa.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:1px;' class='tex' alt="P" /></span><script type='math/tex'>P</script> is false then <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f09564c9ca56850d4cd6b3319e541aee.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="Q" /></span><script type='math/tex'>Q</script> is false, and vice versa.</p>
<p>✓ If <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_a3882e1772db517e421797ad6871e43f.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="P\leftrightarrow Q" /></span><script type='math/tex'>P\leftrightarrow Q</script> is known to be false and <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_44c29edb103a2872f519ad0c9a0fdaaa.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:1px;' class='tex' alt="P" /></span><script type='math/tex'>P</script> is true then <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f09564c9ca56850d4cd6b3319e541aee.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="Q" /></span><script type='math/tex'>Q</script> is true, and vice versa.</p>
<p>✓ If <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_a3882e1772db517e421797ad6871e43f.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="P\leftrightarrow Q" /></span><script type='math/tex'>P\leftrightarrow Q</script> is known to be false and <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_44c29edb103a2872f519ad0c9a0fdaaa.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:1px;' class='tex' alt="P" /></span><script type='math/tex'>P</script> is false then $Q$ is true, and vice versa.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>9. Logical Fallacies</p>
<p>Most students have a hard understanding this. It is not the calculations that are incorrect, it is the <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_96d8859b66a31beedcec53af10cad242.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="\mathbf{Inference}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathbf{Inference}</script> that is wrong. If an inference technique can be used to prove a silly nonsense then it cannot be used to prove anything true. A mathematical proof is actually supposed to demonstrate what is true and apply the rules of inference correctly. So, the next time you write a proof, use proper tools i.e., <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_6331119e756874d428731a5ddd0be9aa.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="\mathbf{Rules ~of~ Inference}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathbf{Rules ~of~ Inference}</script> and do avoid <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_375146f248922a4a55483a3038943d04.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; ' class='tex' alt="\mathbf{HASTY~ GENERALIZATION}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathbf{HASTY~ GENERALIZATION}</script> !</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Tarun Kumari, Research Scholar,</p>
<p>Dept of Mathematical Sciences,</p>
<p>Tezpur University.</p>
<p></p>
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		<title>Mathematics Exams and Scholarships 2011-2012</title>
		<link>http://gonitsora.com/mathematics-exams-and-scholarships-2011-2012/</link>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 19 Apr 2012 10:02:58 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Prof. Vijaykumar Ambat</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[<p>&#160; Prof. Vijaykumar Ambat of Department of Mathematics, Cochin University of Science and Technology has kindly shared with us a document bearing important details about exams and scholarships available to students. It can be found here for download.</p><p>Thank you for subscribing to our RSS feed. In case of any suggestions please fell free to email at manjil@gonitsora.com</p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Prof. Vijaykumar Ambat of Department of Mathematics, Cochin University of Science and Technology has kindly shared with us a document bearing important details about exams and scholarships available to students. It can be found <a href="http://gonitsora.com/downloads/Mathematical%20Book%202011-12.pdf" target="_blank">here</a> for download.</p>
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		<title>শ্ৰীনিৱাস ৰামানুজন</title>
		<link>http://gonitsora.com/%e0%a6%b6%e0%a7%8d%e0%a7%b0%e0%a7%80%e0%a6%a8%e0%a6%bf%e0%a7%b1%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b8-%e0%a7%b0%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%ae%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%a8%e0%a7%81%e0%a6%9c%e0%a6%a8/</link>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 16 Apr 2012 05:30:14 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Dr. Probodh Borah</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Articles]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Biography]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ramanujan]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://gonitsora.com/?p=2060</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>&#160; শ্ৰীনিবাস ৰামানুজন আছিল ভাৰতবৰ্ষৰ এজন শীৰ্ষস্থানীয় গণিতজ্ঞ &#124; মাদ্ৰাজৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ৪০০ কিলোমিটাৰ নিলগত থকা ইৰোড নামৰ এখন সৰু গাৱঁত ৰামানুজনৰ জন্ম হৈছিল &#124; তেওঁৰ বয়স এবছৰ হওঁতে মাকে তেওঁক কুম্বকুনাম নামৰ এখন সৰু চহৰলৈ লৈ যায়, য’ত তেওঁৰ দেউতাকে এখন কাপোৰৰ দোকানত এজন কেৰাণী হিচাবে কাম কৰিছিল &#124; ১৮৮৯ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহৰ ৰামানুজন [...]</p><p>Thank you for subscribing to our RSS feed. In case of any suggestions please fell free to email at manjil@gonitsora.com</p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>শ্ৰীনিবাস ৰামানুজন আছিল ভাৰতবৰ্ষৰ এজন শীৰ্ষস্থানীয় গণিতজ্ঞ | মাদ্ৰাজৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ৪০০ কিলোমিটাৰ নিলগত থকা ইৰোড নামৰ এখন সৰু গাৱঁত ৰামানুজনৰ জন্ম হৈছিল | তেওঁৰ বয়স এবছৰ হওঁতে মাকে তেওঁক কুম্বকুনাম নামৰ এখন সৰু চহৰলৈ লৈ যায়, য’ত তেওঁৰ দেউতাকে এখন কাপোৰৰ দোকানত এজন কেৰাণী হিচাবে কাম কৰিছিল | ১৮৮৯ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহৰ ৰামানুজন বসন্ত ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হয় ।</p>
<p>তেওঁ যেতিয়া পাঁচবছৰীয়া হ’ল, সেই চহৰৰে এখন প্ৰাইমেৰী স্কুলত তেওঁক নাম লগাই দিয়ে | অৱশ্যে ১৮৯৮ চনত কুম্বাকোনামৰ টাউন হাইস্কুলত নাম লগোৱাৰ আগলৈকে তেওঁ কেইবাখনো বেলেগ বেলেগ প্ৰাইমেৰী স্কুল বাগৰিব লগীয়া হয় | টাউন হাইস্কুলত তেওঁ সকলো বিষয়তে ভাল ফল দেখুৱাইছিল | কিন্তু ১৯০০ চনত তেওঁ নিজাববীয়াকৈ গণিত বিষয়ত অধ্যয়ন আৰু গৱেষণা আৰম্ভ কৰে আৰু জ্যামিতি আৰু অঙ্ক শাস্ত্ৰত ব্যুত্‍পত্তি লাভ কৰে |</p>
<p><a href="http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Ramanujan.jpg"><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-1360" title="Ramanujan" src="http://gonitsora.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Ramanujan.jpg" alt="" width="225" height="300" /></a>১৯০২ চনত তেওঁ ত্ৰিঘাট সমীকৰণ কেনেকৈ সমাধান কৰিব লাগে দেখুৱা হৈছিল আৰু তাৰ পাচতে তেওঁ নিজাববীয়াকৈ চতুৰ্ঘাট সমীকৰণ সমাধানৰ এটা পদ্ধতিৰ সন্ধান আৰম্ভ কৰে আৰু সফল হয় |</p>
<p>১৯০৪ চনত ৰামানুজনে গভীৰ গৱেষণাত আত্মনিয়োগ কৰে| তেওঁ   শ্ৰেণীৰ বিষয়ে অনুসন্ধান কৰে আৰু ইউলাৰৰ ধ্ৰুৱকৰ মান ১৫ টা দশমিক স্থানলৈ নিৰ্ণয় কৰে |</p>
<p>হাইস্কুলীয়া শিক্ষাত দেখুওৱা ভাল ফলৰ বাবে ৰামানুজনে এটা বৃত্তি লাভ কৰে আৰু ১৯০৪ চনত কুম্বাকোনামৰ চৰকাৰী কলেজত ভৰ্ত্তি হয় | কিন্তু ৰামানুজনে বাকীবোৰ বিষয়ক অৱহেলা কৰি মাত্ৰ গণিতৰ অধ্যয়নতহে ব্যস্ত থকাত পিচৰ বছৰৰ পৰা তেওঁৰ জলপানী কটা যায় | ট্কা প‍ইচাত অভাৱত তেওঁ বিমোৰত পৰে আৰু মাক-দেউতাকৰ অজ্ঞাতে তেওঁ মাদ্ৰাজৰ পৰা ৬৫০ কিমোমিটাৰ নিলগত থকা বিশাখাপট্টনমলৈ পলাই যায় | অৱশ্যে তেওঁ গণিত বিষয়ত তেওঁৰ গৱেষণা অব্যাহত ৰাখে |</p>
<p>১৯০৬ চনত তেওঁ মাদ্ৰাজলৈ যায় আৰু পাচায়াপ্পাৰ কলেজত ভৰ্ত্তি হয় | তেওঁৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল প্ৰথমতে কলা শাখাত কলেজৰ পৰীক্ষা পাছ কৰা যাতে তেওঁ মাদ্ৰাজ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ত ভৰ্ত্তি হ’ব পাৰে | কিন্তু তিনিমাহৰ পাচতে তেওঁ ৰোগাক্ৰান্ত হয় আৰু শ্ৰেণীসমূহত উপস্থিত থাকিব নোৱাৰা হয় | তথাপি তেওঁ পৰীক্ষাত অৱতীৰ্ণ হয় | কিন্তু গণিতৰ বাহিৰে সকলো বিষয়তে অনুত্তীৰ্ণ হয় আৰু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ত ভৰ্ত্তি হোৱাৰ তেওঁৰ সপোন চূৰ্ণ-বিচূৰ্ণ হয় | কিন্তু তেওঁ হতাশ নহৈ তেওঁৰ গৱেষণা অব্যাহত ৰাখে আৰু পিচৰ কেইবছৰত নিজাববীয়াকৈ কাৰো সহায় নোলোৱাকৈ নতুন নতুন তথ্য আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়, যদিও তেওঁ গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰচলিত পদ্ধতি সম্পৰ্কে কোনো জ্ঞান নাছিল |</p>
<p>১৯০৮ চনত তেওঁ এক গুৰুতৰ ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হয় আৰু ১৯০৯ চনৰ এপ্ৰিল মাহত এটা অস্ত্ৰোপচাৰ কৰাবলগীয়া হয় | ১৯০৯ চনৰ ১৪ জুলাইত মাকৰ হেঁচাত পৰি তেওঁ ১০ বছৰীয়া এগৰাকী বালিকাক বিয়া কৰায় | অৱশ্যে কণ্যাটিৰ ১২ বছৰ নোহোৱালৈকে ৰামানুজনে সহবাস কৰা নাছিল |</p>
<p>বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ আনুষ্ঠানিক শিক্ষা নোহোৱা স্বত্তেও ৰামানুজনে ভাৰতীয় গণিত সমাজৰ আলোচনীত গণিতৰ বিভিন্ন বিষয়ত নিয়মীয়াকৈ লিখা-মেলা কৰিবলৈ ধৰে আৰু সকলোৰে মাজত পৰিচিত হৈ পৰে |</p>
<p>১৯১১ চনত তেওঁ এই সমাজৰ মূল উদ্যোক্তা এজনৰ সহযোগত মাদ্ৰাজৰ মহাগাণ্নিকৰ কাৰ্যালয়ত এটা অস্থায়ী চাকৰিত মকৰল হয় | যদিও তেওঁ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ কোনো ডিগ্ৰী ল’ব পৰা নাছিল তেওঁৰ অসাধাৰণ পাণ্ডিত্যৰ প্ৰতি সন্মান জনাই অৱশেষত তেওঁক ১৯১২ চনৰ ১ মাৰ্চৰ পৰা মাদ্ৰাজ প’ৰ্ট ট্ৰাষ্টত কেৰাণীৰ চাকৰি এটা তেওঁৰ গুণমুগ্ধসকলে যোগাৰ কৰি দিয়ে, যাতে তেওঁ তেওঁৰ গৱেষণা অব্যাহত ৰাখিব পাৰে | সেই সময়তে তেওঁ মাদ্ৰাজৰ কেইজনমান আগশাৰীৰ গণিতজ্ঞৰ সংস্পৰ্শলৈ আহে | ১৯১২ চনৰ ১২ নবেম্বৰত তেনে এজন বিজ্ঞানী মাদ্ৰাজ আভিযান্ত্ৰিক মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ অধ্যাপক চি, এল, টি, গ্ৰিফিথে ৰামানুজনৰ বিষয়ে সবিশেষ জনাই, তেওঁৰ বাৰ্ণৌলি সংখ্যাৰ বিষয়ত লিখা এখন গৱেষণা-পত্ৰৰ সৈতে লণ্ডনৰ ইউনিভাৰ্চিটি কলেজৰ এম, জে, এম, হিল নামৰ এজন অধ্যাপকলৈ লিখি পঠিয়ায় | হিলে যথেষ্ট অনুপ্ৰেৰনাৰে উত্তৰ দিয়ে যদিও তেওঁ ৰামানুজনৰ বহুতো ব্যাখ্যা বুজিবলৈ অসমৰ্থ হোৱা বুলি অৱগত কৰে | ৰামানুজনে এই কথাত অসন্তুষ্ট হৈ অন্যান্য কেতবোৰ বিজ্ঞানীলৈ চিঠি লিখে, কিন্তু কেইবাজনেও তেওঁক উত্তৰ নিদিলে | অৱশেষত জি, এইচ, হাৰ্ডি নামৰ বিজ্ঞানীজনে ১৯১৩ চনৰ ৮ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত তেওঁক উত্তৰ দি ৰামানুজনৰ গৱেষণাৰ ফলাফলৰ গুৰুত্ব সম্পৰ্কে স্বীকাৰ কৰে | ১৯১৩ চনৰ মে’ মাহত অৱশেষত তেওঁ মাদ্ৰাজ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা দুবছৰৰ বাবে এটা জলপানী লাভ কৰে আৰু ১৯১৪ চনত হাৰ্ডিয়ে তেওঁক একেলগে কাম কৰাৰ বাবে কেম্ব্ৰিজৰ ত্ৰিনিটী কলেজলৈ আমন্ত্ৰণ জনায় | ১৯১৪ চনৰ ১৭ মাৰ্চত ৰামানুজনে ভাৰত এৰি বিদেশলৈ যাত্ৰা কৰে আৰু ১৪ এপ্ৰিলত লণ্ডনত উপস্থিত হয় আৰু তাৰ পৰা কেইদিনমানৰ পাচত কেম্ব্ৰিজলৈ যাত্ৰা কৰে | কিন্তু তাত তেওঁৰ খোৱা-বোৱাত বেছ কষ্ট হয়, কিয়নো তেওঁ নৈষ্ঠিক ব্ৰাহ্মণ পৰিয়ালৰ সন্তান হোৱা বাবে যিকোনো বস্তু নাখাইছিল | ফলত তেওঁৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাগি পৰে |</p>
<p>হাৰ্ডিয়ে যদিও ৰামানুজনৰ আনুষ্ঠানিক শিক্ষা নথকাৰ কাৰণে গণিতৰ আধুনিক পদ্ধতি সম্পৰ্কে তেওঁক বুজাবলৈ যথেষ্ট কষ্ট কৰিব লগা হৈছিল, দুয়োজনে একলগে তেওঁলোকৰ গৱেষণা অব্যাহত ৰাখে | কিন্তু সেই সময়তে প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধ আৰম্ভ হয় আৰু পৰৱৰ্ত্তী কালত ৰামানুজন বহুদিন ধৰি অসুখত ভোগে |</p>
<p>অৱশেষত ১৯১৬ চনৰ ১৬ মৰ্চত ৰামানুজনে তেওঁৰ গৱেষণাৰ ভিত্তিত কেম্ব্ৰিজ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা বিজ্ঞানৰ স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে | ১৯১৭ চনত তেওঁ গুৰুতৰভাৱে অসুস্থ হয় আৰু তেওঁৰ চিকিত্‍সকসকলে তেওঁ মৃত্যুমুখত পৰিব বুলি ভয় খায় | চেপ্তেম্ব্ৰ মাহৰ ফালে তেওঁৰ স্বাস্থ্যৰ কিছু উন্নতি হয় | ১৯১৮ চনৰ ১৮ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত ৰামানুজন কেম্ব্ৰিজ ফিল’চফিকেল চচাইটিৰ ফেল’ নিৰ্বাচিত হয় আৰু তিনিদিনৰ পাচতে ৰয়েল চচাইটি অৱ লণ্ডনৰ ফেল’ মনোনীত হয় | পুণৰ ১৯১৮ চনৰ ১০ অক্টোবৰত ছবছৰৰ বাবে তেওঁ ত্ৰিনিটী কলেজৰ ফেল’ নিৰ্বাচিত হয় |</p>
<p>১৯১৯ চনৰ ২৭ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰিত ৰামানুজনে ভাৰতলৈ যাত্ৰাৰম্ভ কৰে আৰু ১৩ মাৰ্চত আহি উপস্থিত হয় | কিন্তু তেওঁৰ স্বাস্থ্য ইমানেই ভাগি পৰিছিল যে পিচৰ বছৰেই তেওঁ মৃত্যুমুখত পৰে |</p>
<p>তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ পাচতো বাৰ্মিংহামৰ গণিতৰ অধ্যাপক জি,এন, ৱাটচনে ৰামানুজনে এৰি যোৱা বিভিন্ন লিখাবোৰৰ বৈজ্ঞানিক অধ্যয়ন অব্যাহত ৰাখে আৰু ১৯১৮ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৫১ চনলৈকে ৰামানুজনে কৰা কামৰ ওপ্ৰত ভিত্তি কৰি লিখা ১৪ খন গৱেষণা-পত্ৰ সম্বলিত ‘থিয়’ৰেম্‌চ ষ্টেটেড্‌ বাই ৰামানুজন’ নামেৰে পুথি প্ৰকাশ কৰে |</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>- ড৹  প্ৰবোধ বৰা।</p>
<div>অধ্যাপক, অনুজীৱ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ</div>
<div>পশু চিকিত্‍সা বিজ্ঞান মহাবিদ্যালয়</div>
<div>অসম কৃষি বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়</div>
<div>খানাপাৰা, গুৱাহাটী-৭৮১০২২</div>
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